Theory/Intervention
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Help!
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| Developmental Stage 1 of Helping Relationship | Relationship Development: Initial meeting, rapport building, data collection, determination of goals, and client transparency
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| Developmental Stage 2 of Helping Relationship | Extended Exploration: Explores in depth the emotional and cognitive dynamics of the client, problem parameters, previously tried solutions, and decision-making capabilities
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| Developmental Stage 3 of Helping Relationship | Problem Resolution: Demonstrating, instructing, and providing a safe environment for the development of change
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| Developmental Stage 4 of Helping Relationship | Termination and Follow-Up
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| Core Conditions of a Helping Relationship | Empathic Understanding, Respect and Positive Regard, Genuineness and Congruence, Concreteness, Warmth, and Immediacy
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| Empathic Understanding | the ability to feel with clients as opposed to feeling for clients
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| Respect and Positive Regard | a belief in each client's innate worth and potential and the ability to communicate this belief in the relationship
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| Genuineness and Congruence | the ability to be authentic in the helping relationship
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| Concreteness | the ability not only to see the incomplete picture that clients paint with their words but also to communicate to clients the figures, images, and structures that will complete the picture.
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| Warmth | the ability to communicate and demonstrate genuine caring and concern for the client
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| Immediacy | the ability to deal with the here-and-now factors that operate within the helping relationship
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| Helping Relationship: Strategies | Build Rapport and Encourage Client Dialogue, Aid in Data Collection, and Add Depth and Enhance the Relationship
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| Build Rapport and Encourage Client Dialogue Strategies | Attending and Encouraging, Restating and Paraphrasing, Reflecting Content and Reflecting Feelings, Clarifying and Perception Checking, and Summarizing
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| Aid in Data Collection Strategies | Questioning, Probing, and Leading
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| Add Depth and Enhance the Relationship Strategies | Self-Disclosure, Confrontation, and Responding to Nonverbal Cues
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| Problem-Focused Brief Therapy | Focused on the main presenting problem
Emphasis on change and outcome - Not knowledge/insight
Max tx: 10 one hour sessions
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| Solution-Focused Brief Therapy | Emphasis on the pattern of interaction surrounding a problem, approaches for changing the pattern, and the creation of outcomes
Ripple Effect
Mirale Question
Scaling Questions
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| Ripple Effect | Small change in one area can lead to greater changes in the other areas
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| Miracle Question | Suppose that one night, while you were asleep, there was a miracle and this problem was solved. How would you know? What would be different?
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| Scaling Questions | On a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 means you have no influence over your problem, and 10 means you have total influence, where would you place yourself today? Where would others place you on this scale? What do you need to move a fraction of a point up the scale?
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| Solution-Oriented and Possibility Therapy | View clients as being stuck not only by how they are doing the problem but also by how they are viewing the problem
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| Psychoanalytic Theory | Individuals are unaware of the many factors that cause their maladaptive behaviors and discomforting emotions.
Highly individualized
Lengthy in duration
Personality develops through stages of childhood during pleasure-seeking energies of the id
Tx: mood and anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, Borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia
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| Psychoanalytic Theory Constructs | Id, Superego, and Ego
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| Id | Basic drives
Present from birth
Entirely unconscious
Sources of all psychic energy
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| Superego | Morals, socially appropriate manners, and directly contradicts the id
Present in unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
Last to develop - age 5
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| Ego-ideal | one of two parts of the superego that includes the rules and standards for good behavior
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| Conscience | one of two parts of the superego that includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society.
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| Ego | Largest unconscious part
Mediates the demands of the id and superego
Cope with reality
Present in unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
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| Libido | Psychosexual energy
Driving force behind behavior
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| Erogenous Zones | Mouth, anus, and genital region
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| Psychoanalytic Theory 's Childhood Stages | Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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| Psychoanalytic Theory 's Childhood Stage 1 | Oral Stage: first year of life
Primary interaction is through month
Infants develop trust and comfort
Fixation occurs = dependency/aggression later in life
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| Psychoanalytic Theory 's Childhood Stage 2 | Anal Stage: 1 and 3 years of age
Controlling bladder and bowel movements
Success = competent, productive, and creative adults
Two negative outcomes: 1. caregiver lacks diligence = messy, wasteful, and destructive personality 2. caregiver too strict = stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive
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| Psychoanalytic Theory 's Childhood Stage 3 | Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 years of age
Libido focused on genitals
Oedipus Complex = Castration Anxiety (Males)
Electra Complex (Females)
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| Oedipus Complex | Feelings of wanting to posses the mother and the desire to replace the father
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| Castration Anxiety | Fear of being punished by father for oedipus complex
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| Electra Complex | Effort to possess the opposite-sex parent by identifying with the parent of the same sex = penis envy
Woman never resolve this conflict
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| Psychoanalytic Theory 's Childhood Stage 4 | Latency Stage: 6 to 12 years of age
Id, superego, and ego develop the foundation of the adult's instinctual drives and behavioral responses
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| Psychoanalytic Theory 's Childhood Stage 5 | Genital Stage: After the age of 12
Individual develops strong sexual interests, drives, and desires
Goal is to establish a balance between the various life areas
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| Psychoanalytic Theory: Defense Mechanisms | Compartmentalization, Compensation, Denial, Displacement, Intellectualization, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Regression, Repression, and Sublimation
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| Compartmentalization | Process of separating parts of the self from awareness of other parts and behaving as if one had separate set of values
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| Compensation | Process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other areas
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| Denial | Refusing to accept reality and acting as if a painful event, thought, or felling did not exist
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| Displacement | Redirecting of thoughts, feelings, and impulses from an object that gives rise to anxiety to a safer, more acceptable one.
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| Intellectualization | Use of a cognitive approach without the attendant emotions to suppress and attempt to gain mastery over the perceived disorderly and potentially overwhelming impulses
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| Projection | Attribution of one's undesired impulses to another
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| Rationalization | Reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable impulses.
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| Regression | Reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable impulses.
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| Repression | Blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness
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| Sublimation | Channeling of unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets
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| Transference | Process of attributing one's feelings to another
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| Countertransference | Emotional reaction to a client based on the counselor's own unconscious conflicts that have been triggered by the client's dialogue
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| Object Relations Theory | Derived from psychoanalytic concepts
Internal representations of the self and others acquired in childhood and later replicated in adult relations, and in order to establish a healthy relationship with self and the other, the client must examine how self-esteem, self-concept, and unhealthy attachments are impeding healthy social support
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| Attachment Theory | Derived from psychoanalytic concepts
Relationships with primary caregivers during early development influence emotional and behavioral responses across the life span
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| Self Psychology | Refers to a person's perception of his/her experiences/self-esteem
The essence of a person's being and consists of sensations, feelings, and self-image
A force that explains the development of personality
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| Goal of Psychoanalysis | Bring the drives of the id into consciousness, allowing them to be understood and addressed directly, thus reducing the client's reliance on defense mechanisms to function in social context
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| Goal of Psychodynamic | Client self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior, and the correction of the client's distortions is often the primary focus of therapeutic treatment
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| Method of Psychoanalysis | Identification, analysis, and interpretation of the unconscious conflicts that interfere with daily life
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| Traditional Strategies/Techniques of Psychoanalysis | Analysis of dreams
transference
resistance
defenses
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| Traditional Strategies/Techniques of Psychodynamic | Direct dialogue and interpretation to examine unresolved conflicts
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| Resistances | A way fo avoiding the expression of feelings, fantasies, and drives that the client's subconscious has learned over time to repress and defend
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| 5 categories of client's resistances in psychoanalysis | Repression Resistance
Transference Resistance
Ego Resistance
Working Through
Self-sabotage
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| Repression Resistance | Emerges from ego
Result of the unconscious struggle of the psyche to repress painful material and keep it from reaching exposure during sessions
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| Transference Resistance | Emerges from ego
Presents as projection
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| Ego Resistance | A secondary gain or a gain from illness or dysfunction
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| Working Through | Arise from the id
Presents as a compulsion to repeat maladaptive behaviors
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| Self-sabotage | Stems from Superego
Appears as a sense of guilt or need for punishment
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| Transference-Focused Psychotherapy | Combines object relations theory and attachment theory
Focuses on the interpretation of devalued and idealized representations of self and others
Tx for narcissistic personality disorder
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| Free Association | Intended to help clients learn more about what he/she thinks and feels in a nonjudgemental, accepting atmosphere.
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| 4 aspects of dream analysis | condensation, displacement, representation, and symbols
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| Brief Psychodynamic Theory | Goal is to estimate what may have happened in the past that created a current issue.
Max is 16 sessions
3 phases: Initial, Middle, and Ending Phase
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| Psychodynamic Interpersonal Theory | Combines psychodynamic, humanistic and interpersonal concept
Helps clients understand feelings in interpersonal encounters and process them as signals or cues to unconscious content that may become a tool for adjusting current behaviors
Max 8 sessions
Tx for Major Depressive Disorder
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| Interpersonal Psychotherapy | Encourages the client to engage in active mood regulation and awareness of functional levels within 12 weeks
3 phases: identifies the dx, strategies, rebuilding
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| Interpersonal Psychotherapy: Narrative Strategy | Intertwine free association with story telling to gather a comprehensive look at the client's history and ideology based on how the client experienced traumatic events
Change occurs through the analysis of transference
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| Interpersonal Psychotherapy: Supportive Strategy | Counteract regression, strengthen adaptive defenses, and provide a positive interpersonal relationship in which the therapist is interactive, offers practical help and guidance, and provides emotional reassurance and support
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| Limitations of Psychoanalysis | Lack of empirical research and evidence-based support
Lengthy and costly = 5 plus years with 4 to 5 sessions a week
Not covered by most insurances
Oversimplification of cultural paradigms
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