Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian PSYC "Human Development" Test Flashcards 2021
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| show | This group of social scientists study changes, "over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior".
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| List the five (5) stages of life that are identified by developmental psychologists. | show 🗑
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| show | This term refers to the first cell of human life. It is the cell that is created when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell.
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| show | This period lasts from about 2 weeks to 2 months.
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| show | During this period, the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and sex organs as well as the nervous system begin to form.
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| show | This occurs after about 2 months in utero (i.e. before birth).
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| How long do most "healthy, full-term pregnancies" last? | show 🗑
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| At what age is the "human brain about 80% of the adult size"? | show 🗑
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| show | This term refers to the brain's organization in response to environmental experiences.
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| What does the term "synaptic pruning" mean/ refer to? | show 🗑
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| What does the term "teratogens" mean/ refer to? | show 🗑
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| What is the relationship between poverty and human brain devlopment in infancy? | show 🗑
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| List three (3) things that are considered "teratogens" where human development is concerned. | show 🗑
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| List three (3) symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). | show 🗑
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| Why should males be just as cautious about their diets & exposure to toxins as women when it comes to fetal development? | show 🗑
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| What three (3) reflexes are infants born with the help ensure its survival? | show 🗑
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| At about what age does an infant begin to "walk without assistance"? | show 🗑
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| show | This occurs at about 10 months of age.
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| show | This terms refers to "the view that development is a self-organizing process, in which new forms of behavior emerge through interactions between a biological being & cultural & environmental contexts.
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| show | This occurs "through both the person's active exploration of an environment and the constant feedback that environment provides".
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| show | This occurs at about 12 months of age.
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| show | This term refers to "the ability to distinguish differences among shapes, patterns, and colors".
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| What does the "Preferential-Looking Technique" test? | show 🗑
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| show | This term refers to the inability to remember events from early childhood.
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| Complete the following sentence: "Most adults remember few events that occurred before they were _________ or _________ years old". | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Children begin retaining explicit memories after developing the ability to create autobiographical memory based on personal experience; 2. Children younger than 3 or 4 don't perceive context well enough to store memories accurately.
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| What does the term "attachment" mean/refer to where human development is concerned? | show 🗑
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| show | They are between 4 and 6 weeks when they first do this.
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| show | Infant monkeys will prefer and form an attachment to a surrogate mother that provides comfort over a wire surrogate mother that provides milk.
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| What does the term "contact comfort" mean/ refer to? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of a "secure attachment style" in infants and children? | show 🗑
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| About what percentage of children display characteristics of a "secure attachment style"? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of an "insecure attachment style" in infants? | show 🗑
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| show | The infant may cry a great deal when the caregiver leaves the room but then be inconsolable when the caregiver tries to calm them down upon return.
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| show | Oxytocin contributes to this.
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| What were the four (4) stages of cognitive development identified by Jean Piaget? What ages are associated with each stage? | show 🗑
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| What are two (2) characteristics of Jean Piaget's "Sensorimotor" stage of cognitive development? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Learns to use language & to represent objects by images & words; 2. Has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others.
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| What are two (2) characteristics of Jean Piaget's "Concrete operational" stage of cognitive development? | show 🗑
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| What is one (1) characteristic of Jean Piaget's "Formal operational" stage of cognitive development? | show 🗑
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| What was "central to Lev Vygotsky's theories" on cognitive development in infants and children? | show 🗑
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| What does the term "orienting reflex" mean/ refer to? | show 🗑
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| show | This term refers to "decreased responding to an unchanged stimulus".
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| show | This led him to conclude that very young children do not understand quantity in terms of number. They understand it in terms of length.
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| show | This showed "that very young children can, in fact, understand quantity in terms of number".
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| show | This term refers to "the ability to understand that other people have mental states that influence their behavior".
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| show | Children who have acquired this will understand that "different individuals have both different perspectives & knowledge based on their individual experiences".
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| show | 1. Preconventional level; 2. Conventional level; 3. Postconventional level.
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| What, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, occurs during the "preconventional level" of moral development? | show 🗑
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| show | The "middle stage of moral development; at this level, strict adherence to societal rules & the approval of others determine what is moral".
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| show | The "highest stage of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of life".
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| How did Lawrence Kohlberg test research subjects to determine which of his three (3) "Stages of Moral Development" they had achieved? | show 🗑
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| What does the "social intuitionist model" of morality state? | show 🗑
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| What two (2) areas of the brain are most active when research subjects are making moral judgements? | show 🗑
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| What does the term "puberty" mean/refer to? | show 🗑
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| show | Primary sex characteristics relate to the sex organs and reproductive process while secondary sex characteristics relate to other physical changes that occur as a result of hormonal changes that signal the onset of puberty.
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| What has research found related to the start of a female's menstrual cycle in relation to their environment? | show 🗑
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| show | This occurs in the mid-20's.
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| List the names of the eight (8) "Stages of Human Development" proposed by Erik Erikson. | show 🗑
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| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to infancy? | show 🗑
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| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to being a toddler? | show 🗑
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| show | Initiative vs. Guilt.
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| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to Childhood? | show 🗑
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| show | Identity vs. Role Confusion
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| show | Intimacy vs. Isolation.
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| What psychosocial challenge did Erik Erikson relate to middle adulthood? | show 🗑
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| show | Integrity vs. Despair.
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| show | This term refers to "one's sense of being male or female".
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| What does the term "gender role" mean/refer to? | show 🗑
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| show | This term refers to a situation in which a child strongly identifies with two cultures and seamlessly combines a sense of identity with both groups.
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| What does the term "cliques" mean/refer to? | show 🗑
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| What determines a person's overall well-being as they progress through adulthood? | show 🗑
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| show | This term refers to "a brain condition that causes thinking, memory, and behavior to deteriorate progressively".
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| show | The major causes of this are small strokes that affect the brain's blood supply.
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| show | 1. Working puzzles; 2. Remaining socially active; 3. Maintaining physical exercise at least 3 days per week.
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| show | This theory states that "as people grow older they perceive time to be limited & therefore adjust their priorities to emphasize meaningful events, experiences, & goals".
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| show | About 1 in 5 Americans will be this age by 2030.
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| What did the Seattle Longitudinal Study find related to aging's effect on intelligence? | show 🗑
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| show | This research has shown that married people are healthier and live longer than those who were never married, are divorced, or widowed.
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| show | 35
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