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| Cytology | Study of cells
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| Plasma membrane | Barrier separating the cytoplasm from the interstitial fluid
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| Nucleus | Cellular structure housing DNA or a group of cell bodies in the central nervous system
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| Cytoplasm | All cellular structure housing DNA or a group of cell bodies in the central nervous system
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| Cytosol | The viscous, syrup like fluid medium with dissolved solutes in the cytoplasm
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| Inclusion | A temporary store of molecules in the Cytosol
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| Microscopy | Investigation of very small objects by means of a microscope
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| Cholesterol | Type of steroid found in the plasma membrane
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| Glycolipid | Lipid with an attached carbohydrate group found on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane
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| Ligand | Chemical released from one cell that bonds to receptors on another cell; Ex: hormone, neurotransmitter
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| Glycocalyx | Filamentous coating on the apical surface of certain types of cells
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| Diffusion | Random movement of molecules or particles down their concentration gradient
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| Simple diffusion | Passive transport process used when small nonpolar molecules cross the plasma membrane unassisted
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| Facilitated diffusion | Passive transport process using carrier proteins or channel proteins to move a chemical across the plasma membrane
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| Osmosis | Process by which water moves through a semipermeable membrane from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic one
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| Semipermeable | Freely permeable to some molecules, but relatively non-permeable to other molecules
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| Aquaporins | Protein channels in the plasma membrane allowing the passage of water
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| Osmotic pressure | Pressure exerted by water movement across a membrane as it moves toward an area of lower water concentration
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| Isotonic contraction | Muscle contraction during which tension exceeds the resistance, resulting in movement
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| Hypotonic solution |
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| Solution with a lower solute concentration and a higher water concentration than that of the Cytosol
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| Hemolysis | The process of rupture and destruction of erythrocytes
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| Hypertonic solution | Solution with a lower water concentration and higher solute concentration than that of the Cytosol
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| Active transport | Method of a protein pump transporting a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient
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| Phosphorylation | Process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule
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| Vesicle | Closed cellular structure within the cytoplasm surrounded by a single membrane
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| Exocytosis | Process whereby contents within a vesicle are released from a cell
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| Endocytosis | Movement of substances from the extracellular environment into the cell through the formation of a vesicle
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| Phagocytosis | A form of endocytosis by which cells ingest and digest solid substances. Cell eating
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| Pinocytosis | A form of endocytosis by which cells ingest liquid. Cell drinking.
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| Electrochemical gradient | Electrical charge difference across a membrane
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| Membrane potential | Difference in charges across the plasma membrane
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| Resting membrane potential (RMP) | Voltage measured across the plasma membrane of an excitable cell at rest
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Organelle composed of an extensive network of connected membranes; involved in synthesis, transport, and storage of macromolecules and detoxification of drugs; smooth or rough
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| Lysosome | Organelle containing digestive enzymes
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| Autophagy | Segregation a d disposal of damaged organelles within a cell
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| Autolysis | Digestion of cells by enzymes present within the cell itself
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| Peroxisome | Membrane bound organelle containing oxidative enzymes
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| Ribosome | Organelle composed of protein and rRNA that is the site of protein synthesis
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| Centriole | Organelle that participated in the separation of chromosome pairs during cell division
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| Cytoskeleton | Organized network of protein filaments and hollow tubules that provide organization, support, and movement throughout the cell
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| Microfilaments | Smallest structural protein of the cytoskeleton; composed of actin
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| Microtubule | Hollow cylinders of tubulin protein that are part of the cytoskeleton; able to lengthen and shorten
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| Cilia | Plasma membrane extensions containing cytoplasm and microtubules that move materials past the cell
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| Flagellum | Whiplike locomotory extension of the plasma membrane; enables a sperm cell to move
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| Microvilli | Microscopic extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area for secretion or absorption
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| Desmosomes | One type of adhesion between two epithelial cells; a type of intercellular junction that holds cells together at a single point (like a button)
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| Chromatin | Genetic material of the nucleus in a nondividing cell
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| Chromosome | The most compact form of genetic material; a single long molecule of DNA and associated proteins; becomes visible only when the cell is dividing.
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| Gene | Segment of DNA contains information to direct synthesis of a specific protein; functional unit of DNA
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| Transcription | Copying information from DNA to form an RNA molecule
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| Translation | Process involving RNA and ribosomes to produce a new protein
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| Intron | A portion of DNA that lies between two exons; non coding regions in pre-messenger RNA. These are removed during pre-messenger RNA processing
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| Exon | A portion of a DNA molecule that codes for a section of the future messenger RNA molecule; These Coding regioms in pre-messenger RNA are joined together to form mature messenger RNA
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| Anticodon | Group of three nucleotide bases on a transfer RNA molecule; base pairs with a complementary codon on messenger RNA
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| Mitosis | Process of somatic cell division
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| Meiosis | Process of sex cell division that results in haploid number of chromosomes
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| Interphase | First phase of the cel cycle during which the cell carries out normal activities and prepares for cell division
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| Centromere | The nonstaining constriction of a chromosome that is the point of attachment of the spindle fiber
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| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
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| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death
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| Light microscope (LM) | Produces a two-dimensional image by passing visible light through a specimen stained with colored dyes
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| Electron microscope (EM) | Uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen stained with heavy metal
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| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | Directs electrons across the surface of a specimen to produce a three-dimensional image that is captured on a screen
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| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | Directs an electron beam through a thin cut section of the specimen. 2-dimensional image is focused onto a screen or onto photographic film.
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| Interstitial fluid | Fluid that surrounds the cell
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| Organelles | Complex organized structures within cells that have unique characteristic shapes and functions. Membrane bound and non-membrane bound
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| Membrane-bound organelles | Organelles enclosed by a membrane. Ex: ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria
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| Non-membrane bound organelles | Organelles not enclosed within a membrane. Generally composed of protein. Ex: ribosomes, centrosome, proteasome, cytoskeleton
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| Phospholipids | Plasma membrane lipids with a polar head that is hydrophilic and tails that are nonpolar and hydrophobic
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| Phospholipid bilayer | 2 parallel sheets of molecules with tails that form the internal environment of the membrane and with hydrophilic polar heads positioned adjacent to the cytoplasm and the interstitial fluid
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| Integral proteins | Embedded within the phospholipid bilayer. Many are glycoproteins that have carbohydrates exposed to the interstitial fluid
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| Peripheral proteins | Not embedded within the lipid bilayer they are attached loosely to the external or internal surfaces of the membrane and are often anchored to the exposed parts of an integral protein
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| Transport proteins | Provide a means of regulating the movement of substances across the plasma membrane. Includes channeled, carriers, pumps, symporters, and antiporters
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| Cell surface receptors | Bind ligands
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| Identity markers | Communicate to other cells that they belong to the body. Distinguish between healthy and nonhealthy cells
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| Anchoring sites | Secure the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane
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| Cell-adhesion proteins | For cell to cell attachments. Proteins that form membrane junctions
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| Channel-mediated diffusion | The movement of small ions across the plasma membrane through water filled protein channels. 1 type of ion. Gated or leak channel
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| Carrier-mediated diffusion | The movement of polar molecules across the plasma membrane
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| Semipermeable membrane | Allows the passage of water, but prevents the movement of most solutes
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| Crenation | When a cell shrinks due to water moving out of a cell
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| Sodium-potassium pump | A special type of ion pump. Exchange pump.
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| Vesicular transport | Bulk transport that involves a vesicle. Exocytosis and endocytosis
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| Symport | If two substances are moved in the same direction
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| antiport | If the two substances are moved in opposite directions
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | Uses receptors on the plasma membrane to bind molecules within the interstitial fluid and bring the molecules into the cell
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| Channel-linked receptors | Permit ion passage into or out of a cell in response to ligand bind. Required to initiate electrical changes to the RMP.
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| Enzymatic receptors | Function as protein kinase enzymes and are activated to phosphorylation other enzymes within the cell
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| G protein-coupled receptors | Protein kinase enzymes that are activated indirectly through the G protein
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| Smooth ER | Carries out diverse metabolic processes that vary by cell type. Functions include synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids; carbohydrate metabolism; and detoxification of drugs and poisons.
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| Rough ER | ER with ribosomes attached. Produces proteins that will be reduced from the cell, incorporated into the plasma membrane, and serve as digestive enzymes within lysosomes.
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| Transport vesicles | Small, enclosed membrane sacs pinch off from the ER
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| Golgi apparatus | Composed of elongated, flattened, membranous sacs. Has a distinct polarity. Two poles are cis-face and trans-face
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| Endomembrane system | An extensive array of membrane bound structures that includes the ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
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| Mitochondria | Oblong-shakes organelles that have a double membrane with the folds of the inner membrane called cristae. Engage in aerobic cellular respiration
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| Bound ribosomes | Attached to the external surface of the ER to form rough ER
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| Free ribosomes | Ribosomes suspended within the Cytosol
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| Centrosome | A structure close to the nucleus that has a pair of perpendicularly oriented, cylindrical centrioles surrounded by a protein. Primary function is organizing microtubules within the cytoskeleton.
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| Proteasomes | Large, barrel-shaped protein complexes that are major protein-digesting organelles.
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| Membrane junctions | Junctions composed of both integral and peripheral membrane proteins which function to connect and support cells
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| Tight junction | Composed of plasma membrane proteins that form strands or rows of proteins. They seal off the intercellular space and prevent substances from passing between cells; materials move through, instead of between, cells
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| Hemidesmosomes | Anchor the basal layer of cells of the epidermis to the underlying basement membrane
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| Gap junction | Composed of 5 integral proteins that form a tiny, fluid-filled tunnel that extends across a small gap between adjacent cells. Forms a direct passageway for substances to move between neighboring cells.
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| Nuclear envelope | A double membrane that enclosed the nucleus
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| Nucleoplasm | The fluid within the nucleus
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| Nuclear pores | Open passageways formed by proteins that extend through fused regions of the nuclear envelope
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| Histones | Special nuclear proteins that are a part of the nucleosome
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| Nucleosome | A DNA double helix wrapped around histones
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| Ribonucleotide | A 5-carbon sugar ribose, a phosphate, and an A C G or U
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| Somatic cells | All cells in the body other than sex cells
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| Somatic cell division | Occurs when one cell divides, resulting in two identical cells
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| Cell cycle | The steps in the replication of a somatic cell
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| Daughter cells | Two identical cells that are the products of mitosis
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