Psychology 100 Ch. 4
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| illusion | perception in which the way we perceive a stimulus doesn't match it's physical reality
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| Sensation | Detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain
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| Perception | The brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs
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| Transduction | The process of converting an external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons
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| Sense receptor | Specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory system
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| Sensory adaptation | Activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected
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| Psychophysics | The study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics
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| Absolute threshold | Lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50% of the time
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| Just noticeable difference | The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect
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| Weber's law | There is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensity
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| Signal detection theory | Theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions
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| Synesthesia | A condition in which people experience cross-modal sensations
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| Inattentional blindness | Failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere
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| Pupil | Circular hole through which light enters the eye
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| Cornea | Part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina
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| Lens | Part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus
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| Accommodation | Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far
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| Retina | Membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity
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| Fovea | Central portion of the retina
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| Acuity | Sharpness of vision
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| Rods | Receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light
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| Dark adaptation | Time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity
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| Cones | Receptor cells in the retina allowin gus to see in color
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| Optic nerve | Nerve that travels from the retina to the brain
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| Blind spot | Part of the visual field we can't see because of an absence of rods and cones
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| Feature detector cell | Cell that detects lines and edges
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| Trichromatic theory | Idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors
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| Color blindess | Inability to see some or all colors
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| Opponent Process Theory | Theory that we perceive colors in terms of three pairs of opponent colors, either red or green, blue or yellow, or black and white
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| Audition | Our sense of hearing
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| Timbre | Complexity of quality of sound that makes musical instruments, human voices, or other sources sound unique
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| Cochlea | Bony, spiral-shaped organ used for hearing
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| Organ of Corti | Tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing
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| Basilar Membrane | Membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea
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| Place theory | Specific places along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch
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| Frequency theory | Rate at which neurons fire the action potential reproduces the pitch
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| Olfaction | Our sense of smell
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| Gustation | Our sense of taste
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| Taste bud | Sense receptor in the tongue that responds to sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and perhaps fat
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| Pheromone | Odorless chemical that serves as a social signal to members of one's species
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| Somatosensory | Our sense of touch, temperature, and pain
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| Gate control model | idea that pain is blocked or gated from consciousness by neural mechanisms in spinal cord
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| Phantom pain | Pain or discomfort felt in an amputated limb
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| Proprioception | Our sense of body position
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| Vestibular sense | Our sense of equilibrium or balance
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| Semicircular canals | Three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance
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| Parallel Processing | The ability to attend to many sense modalities simultaneously
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| Bottom-up processing | Processing in which a whole is constructed from parts
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| Top-down processing | Conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs and expectancies
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| Perceptual set | Set formed when expectations influence perceptions
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| Perceptual constancy | The process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions
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| Depth perception | Ability to judge distance and three-dimensional relations
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| Monocular depth cues | Stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye
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| Binocular depth cues | stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes
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| Subliminal perception | Perception below the limen or threshold of conscious awareness
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| Extrasensory Perception | Perception of events outside the known channels of sensation
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