Human Development Chapter 1
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| Table 1-1 | Typical Major Developments in Eight Periods of Development
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| Age range: prenatal | conception to birth
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| Age range: infancy and toddlerhood | birth to 3 years
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| Age range: early childhood | 3 to 6 years
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| Age range: middle childhood | 6 to 11 years
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| Age range: adolescence | 11 to 20 years
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| Age range: young adulthood | 20 to 40 years
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| Age range: middle adulthood | 40 to 65 years
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| Age range: late adulthood | 65 years and over
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| Prenatal physical development | conception occurs, genetic endowment interacts with environmental influences, basic body structure and organs form, most rapid physical growth, vulnerability to environmental influences is great
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| Prenatal cognitive development | abilities to learn, remember, respond to sensory stimuli developing
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| Prenatal psychosocial development | fetus responds to mother’s voice, develops preference for it
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| Infancy and Toddlerhood physical development | all senses and body systems operate at varying degrees, brain develops in complexity and highly sensitive to environment influence, physical growth and development of motor skills are rapid
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| Infancy and Toddlerhood cognitive development | ability to learn and remember, use of symbols and ability to solve problems develop, comprehension and use of language develop rapidly
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| Infancy and Toddlerhood psychosocial development | attachment to parents and others form, self-awareness develops, shift of dependence from others, interest in other children
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| Early childhood physical development | steady growth, appetite diminishes, sleep problems common, motor skills and strength improve
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| Early childhood cognitive development | egocentric, illogical ideas about world, memory and language improve, intelligence more predictable
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| Early childhood psychosocial development | understanding of emotions more complex, self-esteem, independence/ initiative/ self control increase, gender identity develops, play becomes more imaginative/ elaborate/ social, aggression/ fearfulness common, family is social focus
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| Middle childhood physical development | growth slows, strength/ athletic skills improve, best health of life, respiratory illness common
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| Middle childhood cognitive development | egocentric diminishes, begin to think logically, memory and language increase, benefit from formal schooling, some children show special needs and strengths
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| Middle childhood psychosocial development | self concept becomes more complex, peers assume central importance
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| Adolescence physical development | physical growth and other changes are rapid and profound, reproductive maturity occurs, health risks arise from behavioral issues like eating disorders or drugs
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| Adolescence cognitive development | ability to think abstractly and use scientific reasoning, some immature thinking, education focuses on college prep
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| Adolescence psychosocial development | search for identity, good relationships with parents, peer group exerts positive or negative influence
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| Young adulthood physical development | physical condition peaks then declines slightly, lifestyle choices influence health
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| Young adulthood cognitive development | thought and moral judgment more complex, educational and occupational choices made, sometimes after period of exploration
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| Young adulthood psychosocial development | personality becomes stable, personality influenced by life events, intimate relationships established but may not be long lasting, most marry, most become parents
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| Middle adulthood physical development | slow deterioration of abilities and strength, women experience menopause
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| Middle adulthood cognitive development | mental abilities peak, creative output decline but quality improve, career success or burnout
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| Middle adulthood psychosocial development | sense of identity continues to develop, care for children and parents cause stress, possible empty nest
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| Late adulthood physical development | most are healthy and active, physical abilities decline, slower reaction time
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| Late adulthood cognitive development | most mentally alert, intelligence and memory deteriorate, find ways to compensate
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| Late adulthood psychosocial development | retire, cope with loss and death, relationship with family and close friends can provide important support, search for meaning in life
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