Lipids
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| Lipids can be extracted with this | Organic Solvents (CHCl3/ MeOH, 2:1) -2
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| Common Chemical Property of Lipids | Hydrophobicity
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| Lipids are biomolecules that partition into the ____ phase | organic solvent
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| Function of phospholipids | (permeability barrier) membrane structure
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| Function of waxes | waterproof coatings
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| function of fat | energy storage
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| function of coenzyme Q | electron carrier
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| function of steroid hormones and prostalglandins | signal transduction (cell to cell communication)
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| function of flavonoids | pigments
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| Glycolipids | lipids often linked to sugars (important constituent of cell membrane)
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| Lipoproteins | lipids linked to proteins (HDL, LDL)
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| lipids have what kind of bond when linked to other classes of biomolecules | covalent
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| What are the simplest lipids | Fatty acids
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| Fatty acids are... | building blocks of many complex lipids, central intermediates in metabolism
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| Triacylglycerols are... | storage fats (derived from fatty acids)
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| Phosphoglycerides are... | major lipid component of cell membranes (derived from fatty acids)
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| Common fatty acids have how many C atoms? | an even number of C atoms
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| What is the trivial name for C-12 | laurate
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| What is the trivial name for C-14 | myristate
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| What is the trivial name for C-16 | Palmitate
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| What is the trivial name for C-18 | Stearate
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| What is the trivial name for C-20 | Arachidate
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| What do fatty acids do when dispersed in water? | aggregate spontaneously to form roughly spherical micelles
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| What are the smallest and simplest lipid aggregates? | Micelles
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| The cloudy appearence of soapy water is caused by what? | the scattering of light by micelles
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| What formation are double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids usually in? | they have double bonds separated by a methylene carbon (they are methylene bridged NOT conjugated) double, single, single, double
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| Unsaturated double bonds in naturally occuring fatty acids are usually found in what formation. | Cis form (Trans fatty acids can be made by hydrogenation)
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| What effect does saturation have on melt point? | Unsaturation drastically lowers the melt point
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| What is used for effective separation of fatty acids? | partition chromatography (esp. gas chromatography) - when combined with mass spec. the mix can be quickly separated, quantitated and identified
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| What is gas chromatography? | Molecules are separated based on their partition between a stationary phase and a mobile carrier gas.
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| As the column temperature increases _____ is eluted | progressively less volatile compounds (higher molecular weight) compounds are eluted.
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| carboxylic acids + alcohols = | ester (condensation)(water taken away)
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| carboxylic acids + acids = | acid anhydrides (condensation)
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| What is the most important storage form of fatty acids | triacylglycerols
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| What is the major constituent of fats and oils | TAGs
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| Why are fats and oils so insoluble in water? | because Triacylglycerols (major constituent of fats and oils)have polar carboxylic acids of the fatty acids which are tied up as less polar esters.
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| What is the melt point and unsaturation level of animal fat? | high melt point, low unsaturation
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| What is the melt point and unsaturation for plant oil? | low melt point, high unsaturation
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| What makes fine chocolate melt in your mouth? | Cocoa butter has relatively simple TAG composition that results in unique properties (SOS fats = stearic/ saturated fats that are symmetrical and behave as a single TAG. Lipids of cocoa butter are homogeneous. Cheap chocolates use less expensive fats.
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| What is saponification? | hydrolysis of fat with alkali/base (NaOH, lye) to produce glycerol and soap
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| TAGs are stored in ___________ | adipose connective tissue. adipose cells are filled with a single large droplet of TAG lipid: the cytoplasm and organelles are squeezed to the periphery.
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| Phosphorous is one of the essential elements of life. What is the Chemical formula for phosphoric acid? | H3PO4 (a triprotic acid) -Strong
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| What happens during phosphorylation? | Everytime phosphate is added negative charge is added = more polar and more soluble
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| Phosphoric acid + alcohol = | phosphate ester + h2o
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| Phosphoric acid + acid = | phosphoanhydride + h2o
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| How would fatty acids in the lipids of cold water fish differ from warm water fish? | cold water are more unsaturated
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| what happens when phospholipids are put in water? | They spontaneously aggregate to form vesicles or liposomes (larger than micelles)
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| unilamellar liposome | roughly spherical structure formed by a double layer of phospholipids--it can be considered a sort of protocell (bilayer of membrane surrounding an aqueous compartment)
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| this provides a means for delivery of polar, water soluble drugs that would not normally be able to enter a cell | synthetic liposome- (injected intravenously) -can fuse with lipid bilayer of a target cell membrane and thereby deliver its contents into the cell.
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| The cellular oxidation of fatty acids is highly___ | exergonic
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