based off study guide
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| Divine Command Theory | idea that morality is whatever God (or the gods) command
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| Natural Law | Based on Greeks and still apart of Catholic theology today
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| Natural Law | God, or nature, has established universal laws and principles from which the norms of all human behavior must be derived
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| Natural Law Theory | reason and its powers are, by necessity, a part of the natural law established by God.
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| Religion | organized system of beliefs regarding the spiritual or metaphysical world, generally offering a moral code, and a philosophy of life.
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| Nirvana | the release from suffering and rebirth that brings inner peace
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| meditation | also referred to as Vipassana (insight)being fully aware of the present moment
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| Hinduism | Monotheism and also monism as all gods are a single divine reality
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| Vedas | ancient scriptures of India
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| Sanskrit | language of India
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| Bhagavad-Gita | divine song of God, poem a very long epic also called the Mahabharata
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| The wise see knowledge and action as one | Bhagavad Gita
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| Moksha | freedom liberation, to be released the ultimate human goal
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| Caste system | a division of society into social classes that are created by birth or social classes
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| Krishna | charioteer and advisor to Arjuna in the epic poem of Bhagavad-Gita
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| Vishnu | represents the force of preservation in the universe (god associated with the sun in the Vedas)
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| Rama | may have been a historical figure who took on mythical proportions
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| Krishna | another incarnation of vishnu begun as an object of fertility
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| Shiva | the third of the Timurti the god linked with destruction the most complicated of the gods
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| legend of "gilgamesh" | earliest ethical writings
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| Code of Hammurabi | earliest legal code established moral behaviors, listed crimes and punishments
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| Hebrew Torah | First five books of the Christen Bible consists ten commandments and the 613 mitzvot
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| Book of the Dead | early Egyptian text that describes the proper conduct for a happy afterlife
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| Ethics | moral values and conduct of an individual or group
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| the earliest ethical text | book of the dead, torah, code of hammurabi, and legend of gilgemesh
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| Morality | right or wrong decision, action or a way of living
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| philosophy of Aristotle | Golden means, treat those as you would want to be treated, have pride and self esteem but not arrogance
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| Philosophy of Socrates | what you think is right
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| Retributivism | Eye for an Eye
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| Jeremy Bentham | Utilitarianism
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| Utilitarianism | What makes the most people happy will be done (democracy)
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| Ethical Egoism | How we should behave
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| Ethical subjectism | moral judgements are nothing more than personal opinion
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| Psychological Egoism | How we behave without thought
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| Social Contract theory | Thomas hobbes
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| Philosophy of Social Contract theory | People are naturally competitive and need government to monitor behavior
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| Dana | giving
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| Categorical imperative | a moral obligation that is imposed regardless of the consequence
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| Hero stories | earliest known writings about people who exemplified vitues most admired
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| Kant's theory | our duty is to follow rules that we can will to be universal laws, followed by all people in all situations
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| Ahimsa | found in the vedas meaning non-hurtfulness the belief in heaven and hell, wisdom
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| Autonomy | being in control of your own life
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| Maxim | Rules that follow the categorical imperative
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| Retributivism | A theory of punishment eye for an eye
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| John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism
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| Dharma | one's righteous path or one's virtuous duty
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| Kama | pleasur, sensual satisfaction
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| Karma | effects of a persons actions that determine his destiny in the next incarnation
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| Dao "The Way" | translates as a path or way and as such 3 major religions of Chyna Daoism, Buddhism and Confucianism all talk of finding the way, of following the way and of there being a way that is natural and conforms to the laws of existence.
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| Dao de Jing (Tao Te Ching) | Chinese classical text written around the 6th century by Laozi
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| Confucianism | Ethical code in Chyna
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| Five great Relationships | Kindness, gentility, righteous behavior, hamne consideration, benevolence
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| Artha | one of four goals in Hinduism, it is to achieve widespread fame, garnishing wealth, elevated societal standing
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| Varna | division of hindu society into four distinct social classes
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| Ramayana | One of two indian epics that tells the life of india and offers models in dharma
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| Plato's four cardinal virtues | Wisdom, Courage, Moderation, Justice
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| Samma Kammanto is the fourth of the eight path factors in the Noble Eightfold Path, and belongs to the virtue division of the path | Right Action
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| Socratic Method | a debate between two people with one person leading the other to contradict himself to strengthen his/her position
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| Thales | First philosopher in greek tradition
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| Democritus | developed the atomic theory
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| The Cave | The Allegory is related to Plato's Theory of Forms,[1] wherein Plato asserts that "Forms" (or "Ideas"), and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality
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| Epicurus | Founder of School of Philosophy, his thoughts were to achieve a happy, tranquil life; the events that occur in the world are based on moving atoms, the world is eternal and gods do not punish humans
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| Virtue Ethics | an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking
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| Eight Fold Path | describes the way to the end of suffering, as it was laid out by Siddhartha Gautama. The only way to achieve nirvana
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| Eight Fold Path | Right view, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right livlihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, Right Concentration
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| Mahayana sutras | broad genre of Buddhist scriptures
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| Four Noble Truths | Life Means Suffering, The origin of suffering is attatchment, the cessation of suffering is atainable, the path to the cessation of suffering
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| Kabbalah | is a discipline and school of thought concerned with the mystical aspect of Judaism, seeks to difine nature of universe and humans
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| Halakhah | collective body of Jewish religious law, including biblical law
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| Five Pillars | 5 duties of life profession of faith, prayers, giving of alms, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca
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| Qur'an | Islamic bible
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| Sharia | Islamic word meaning way or path (to follow Gods Law)
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| Shi'a tradition | Similar to other schools of thought in Islam, Shia Islam is based on the teachings of the Islamic holy book, the Qur'an and the message of the final prophet of Islam,[1] Muhammad
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| Sunni Tradition | Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, comprising at least 85% of the world's 1.4 billion Muslims.
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| Empiricism | theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge arises from sense experience
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| John Locke | Social Contract theory was one of the most influential philosophers during the enlightenment period
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| David Hume | Key philosopher in Western society empirilist
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