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| Chapter 1 | Motion
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| When is an object in motion? | An object is in motion when its distance from another object is changing.
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| What is a reference point? | A reference point is a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion.
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| What is the International System of Units? | Also known as SI, or system international, this is a system of measurements which scientists use all around the world to communicate information clearly.
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| What is the main unit of length in SI? | The main unit of length in SI is the meter, which is a bit longer than a yard.
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| What is speed? | Speed's the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time.
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| How do you calculate speed? | Speed = Distance/Time. The meaurement is meters per second or m/s
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| When is an object at a constant speed? | An object is at a constant speed if the speed of that object does not change.
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| How do you find an objects average speed? | To find an objects average speed you divide the total distance of the trip, and divide it by the total time to travel that distance.
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| When do you know the velocity of an object? | When you know the speed and direction of an object's motion, you will know its velocity. Basically, velocity is speed in a certain direction.
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| What a slope of a graph? | A slope is the steepness or slant of a line on a graph.
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| How do you calculate slope? | slope = rise/run
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| What is acceleration? | Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. Because velocity = speed in certain direction, acceleration refers to 1) increasing speed, 2) decreasing speed, or 3) changing direction
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| How do you calculate acceleration? | Acceleration = Final Velocity - Initial Velocity, divided by Time
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| What is a linear relationship? | If points on a graphed line rise the same amount each time, then the line has a linear relationship.
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| What is a nonlinear relationship? | If a line on a graph doesn't rise the same amount each time, then it has a nonlinear relationship.
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| Chapter 2 | Forces
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| What is a force? | A force is a push or pull.
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| What is a net force? | The net force is the overall amount of forces after all of the forces are added together.
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| What is an unbalanced force? | An unbalanced force is a force that will change an objects motion (cause it to start moving, stop moving, or change the objects motion)
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| What is a balanced force? | Ballanced forces are equal forces acting on one object in opposite directions. Balanced forces will not change an objects motion.
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| What is inertia? | Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change in its motion.
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| What is Newton's first law of motion? | Newton's first law of motion says that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion, unless acted upon my an unbalanced force.
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| What is mass? | Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
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| What is Newton's second law of motion? | Newton's second law of motion says that the net force on an object is equal to the product of its accelration and its mass. (Force = Mass x Acceleration)
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| What is friction? | Friction a force that one surface exerts on another when the two rub against each other. The strength of the force of friction depends on two factors: the types of surfaces involved and how hard the surfaces push together.
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| What are the three types of friction? | The three types of friction are: 1) sliding friction, surfaces sliding on each other 2) rolling friction, objects that roll on each other and 3) fluid friction, objects that moves through a liquid or gas..
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| What is gravity? | Gravity is the force that pulls objects together.
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| When is an object in its freefall? | An object is in its freefall when the only force on a falling object is gravity.
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| What is a projectile? | A projectile is an object that is thrown.
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| What is air resistance? | Air resistance is a type of fluid friction that objects experience when they fall through the air.
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| When does an object reach its terminal velocity? | An object reaches its terminal velocity when it reaches its greatest velocity.
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| What is weight? | The force of gravity on a person or object at the surface of a planet.
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| How do you calculate weight? | Weight = Mass x Acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s squared)
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| What is Newton's third law of motion? | Newton's third law of motion says if one object exerrts a force on an object, the second object exerts a force of equal magnitude in the opposite direction of the first object.
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| What is momentum? | Momentum is the quantity of motion. Momentum is the product of an objects mass and its velocity. Momentum = Mass x Velocity. The unit of measurement for momentum is kilogram-meters per second (kg x m/s)
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| What does the law of conservation of momentum say? | The law of the conservation of momentum says that the total momenum of the objects that interact does not change unless an outside force acts upon it.
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| That is the end of Chapter 2 Take a break....there is more to come!!! | INTERMISSION
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| Chapter 3 | Forces in fluid
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| What is pressure? | Pressure is the force that is exerted on a surface, divided by the total area over which the force is exerted. Pressure = Force/Area.
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| What is the unit of measurement for pressure? | The unit of measurement for pressure is called a pascal, Pa, which equals 1 Newton meter squared (1N/m squared)
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| What is a fluid? | A fluid is a substance that can easily flow. Because it can flow easily, it can easily take different shapes.
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| What does Pascals principle state? | Pascals principle says that when a force is applied to a convined fluid, the pressure is applied equally to all parts of the fluid.
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| What do hydraulic systems do? | Hydraulic systems multiplies a force by applying the force to a small surface area. The increase in pressure is then transmitted to another part of a confined fluid, which pushes on a larger surface area.
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| What is a buoyant force? | A buoyant force is a force that water exerts on a submerged object and acts in an upward direction against the force of gravity which makes the objects feel lighter.
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| What does Archimedes' principle say? | Archimedes' principle says that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
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| What is density? | Density is the measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a unit of volume.
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| An object that is more dense than the fluid it is in will... | Sink
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| An object that is less dense than the fluid it is in will... | Float
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| An object that has equal density to the water that it is in will... | Suspend in the water
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| What does Bernoulli's principle say? | Bernoulli's principle says that pressure exerted by a moving stream of fluid is less than the pressuer of the surrounding fluid.
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| Chapter 4 | Work and Machines
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| What is work? | In science, you do work on an object when you exert a force on the object that causes the object
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| In order to do work on an object, you must.... | 1) make the object move some distance, 2) have the force you exert be in the same direction of the objects motion.
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| How do you calculate work? | Work = Force x Distance. The unit of measurement for work is a joule, or J, which is a Newton meter, Nm
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| How does a machine make work easier? | A machine makes work easier by changing the amount of force you exert, the distance which you exert your force, or the direction in which you exert your force.
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| What is an input force? | An input force is the force you exert onto a machine.
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| What is an output force? | An output force is the force exerted by the machine.
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| What is a machines mechanical advantage? | A machine's mechanical advantage is the number of times a force exerted on a machine is multiplied by the machine.
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| What is the formula to find the mechanical advantage of a machine? | Mechanical advantage = Output force/Input force.
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| What is a machine's efficiency? | The efficiency of a machine compares the output work to the input work. It is expressed as a percent.
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| What is the formula to find efficiency? | Efficiency = Output force/Input force x 100%
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| What is an actual mechanical advantage? | The actual mechanical advantage of a machine is the mechanical advantage that a machine provides in a real situation.
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| What is an ideal mechanical advantage of a machine? | The ideal mechanical advantage of a machine is the mechanical advantage without friction. The more efficient a machine is, the closer the actual mechanical advantage is to the ideal mechanical advantage.
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| What are the six basic types of simple machines? | The six types of simple machines are: 1) the inclined plane, 2) the wedge, 3) the screw, 4) the lever, 5) the wheel and axle, 6) the pulley.
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| What is an inclined plane? | An inclined plane is a flat slanted surface. (ex. ramp.)
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| How do you find the ideal mechanical advantage of an inclined plane? | To find the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane, divide the length of the incline by its height.
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| What is a wedge? | A wedge is a device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other end. (ex. axe)
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| What is a screw? | A screw can be thought of as an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. (ex. twisty slide)
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| What is a lever? | A lever is a rigid bar that is free to pivot or rotate, about a fixed point. (ex. seesaw)
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| What is a fulcrum? | A fulcrum is the fixed point that a lever pivots around.
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| How do you find the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever? | To find the ideal mechanical advantage of a lever, you divde the distance from the fulcrum to input force, by the distance from the fulcrum to the output force.
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| What is a wheel and axle? | A wheel and axle is a simple machine made of two circular or cylindrical objects that rae fastened together and that rotate abouta common axis. (ex. car)
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| How do you find the ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle? | To find the ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle, you divide the radius of the wheel, by the radius of the axle.
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| What is a pulley? | A pulley is a grooved wheel with a rope, or chain, or steel cable, wrapped around it.
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| How do you find the mechanical advantage of a pulley? | The ideal mechanical advantage of a pulley system is equal to the number of sections of the rope that support the object. (ex. flagpole).
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| What is a compound machine? | A compound machine is a machine that has 2 or more simple machiens in it. (ex. mechanical pencil sharpener).
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| What are gears? | A gear is 2 or more wheels locked together by interlocking teeth.
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| What are tendons? | Tendons are the tissue which attach your muscles to your bones.
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| Chapter 5 | Energy and Power
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| What is energy? | Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
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| What are the 2 types of energy? | The two types of energy are: 1) kinetic energy, and 2) potential energy.
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| What is kinetic energy? | Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
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| How do you calculate kinetic energy? | Kinetic Energy = Mass x Velocity squared, divided by 2.
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| What is potential energy? | Potential energy is energy that is stored and held in readiness.
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| What types of potential energy are there? | 1) Elastic potential energy, potential energy associated with objects that can be stretched or compressed., and 2) gravitational potential energy, energy that depends on height.
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| How do you calculate gravitational potential enrgy | Gravitational potential energy = Weight x Height.
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| What is the unit of measurement for energy? | The unit of measurement for energy is a joule, J
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| What is the calculation for gravitational potential energy if you don't know the weight? | Gravitational potential energy = Mass x Gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s) x Height.
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| What are the 6 major forms of energy? | 1) Mechanical Energy, 2) Thermal Energy, 3) Chemical Energy, 4) Electrical Energy, 5) Electromagnetic Energy, 6) Nuclear Energy.
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| What does the law of conservation of energy say? | The law of conservation of energy says that when one form of energy is converted to another, no energy is destroyed in the process.
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| What is power? | Power is the rate at which work is done or the amount of work is done in a unit of time.
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| How do you calculate Power? | Power = Force x Distance divided by Time. The unit of measurement for power is 1 watt, which is equal to 1 Joule per second.
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