Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
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| study of chemical substances found in living organisms? | biochemistry
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| chemical substances found in living organisms? | biochemical substances
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| molecules of life include:? | carbohydrates, lips, proteins, DNA and RNA
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| carbon with 4 different groups attached? | chiral carbon
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| what reacts to form acetals? | aldehydes and alcohols, ketones and alcohols
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| glucose molecules linked via alpha (1->4) and alpha (1->6) linkages? | amylopectin
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| 'animal starch' ; glucose molecules linked via alpha (1->4) and alpha (1->6) linkages | glycogen
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| glucose linked via beta (1->4) linkages | cellulose
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| n-acetyl amino glucose linked via beta (1->4) linkages | chitin
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| an organic molecule that is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents ; waxy, greasy, oily | lipid
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| straight-chain carboxylic acid with an even number of carbon atoms ; can be saturated or unsaturated | fatty acid
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| one c=c bond | monounsaturated
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| more than one c=c bond | polyunsaturated
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| needed by the body but not synthesized within the body | essential fatty acid
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| essential fatty acids that are used to produce substances that regulate blood clotting, immune response, and blood pressure | linoleic acid and linolenic acid
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| triacylglycerol that is solid at room temperature | fat
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| triacyglycerol that is liquid at room temperature | oil
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| hydrogenation of fats or oils results in what? | lowers degree of saturation --> increases MP
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| what can partial hydrogenation lead to? | trans fats
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| unsaturated fatty acids are _____ in air to form short chain _______ __ | oxidized ; carboxylic acids
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| compound containing four fused rings | steroid
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| component of cell membranes, precursors for bile salts, vitamin d, the adrenocorticoid hormones, and many sex hormones | steroids
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| important for lipid digestion in the instestines | steroids
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| amino acids that cannot easily be synthesized within the body but must be obtained in the diet | essential amino acids
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| what is chiral in all amino acids, except glycine | alpha-carbon
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| basic? | amine
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| acidic? | carboxyl
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| the amine is positively charged while the carboxylate is negatively charged when the pH is where? | 7
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| short chains of amino acids - shorter than 50 | peptides
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| long chains of amino acids - longer than 50 | proteins
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| order in which amino acids are linked together | primary structure of proteins
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| attractive forces between amino acids accounts for? | 3D shape of protein
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| breaking the amide bond into smaller peptides or amino acids | hydrolysis
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| loss of native state, often associated with loss of protein activity | denaturation
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| biological catalysts ; most are proteins | enzymes
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| properties of enzymatic reactions | - increase reaction rates up to 10000000 fold
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| reactant molecule | substrate
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| uniquely shaped surface where substrate binds | active site
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| substrate does not fit into active site, protein conforms to shape of substrate | induced-fit model
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| non-protein component of enzyme | cofactor
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| enzyme that cleaves an HIV polyprotein to form reverse transcriptase, integrase, etc. | HIV protease
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| inhibits HIV protease enzyme by binding the active site ; used to treat AIDS | protease inhibitor
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