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Chem: Exam 4
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| study of chemical substances found in living organisms? | biochemistry |
| chemical substances found in living organisms? | biochemical substances |
| molecules of life include:? | carbohydrates, lips, proteins, DNA and RNA |
| carbon with 4 different groups attached? | chiral carbon |
| what reacts to form acetals? | aldehydes and alcohols, ketones and alcohols |
| glucose molecules linked via alpha (1->4) and alpha (1->6) linkages? | amylopectin |
| 'animal starch' ; glucose molecules linked via alpha (1->4) and alpha (1->6) linkages | glycogen |
| glucose linked via beta (1->4) linkages | cellulose |
| n-acetyl amino glucose linked via beta (1->4) linkages | chitin |
| an organic molecule that is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents ; waxy, greasy, oily | lipid |
| straight-chain carboxylic acid with an even number of carbon atoms ; can be saturated or unsaturated | fatty acid |
| one c=c bond | monounsaturated |
| more than one c=c bond | polyunsaturated |
| needed by the body but not synthesized within the body | essential fatty acid |
| essential fatty acids that are used to produce substances that regulate blood clotting, immune response, and blood pressure | linoleic acid and linolenic acid |
| triacylglycerol that is solid at room temperature | fat |
| triacyglycerol that is liquid at room temperature | oil |
| hydrogenation of fats or oils results in what? | lowers degree of saturation --> increases MP |
| what can partial hydrogenation lead to? | trans fats |
| unsaturated fatty acids are _____ in air to form short chain _______ __ | oxidized ; carboxylic acids |
| compound containing four fused rings | steroid |
| component of cell membranes, precursors for bile salts, vitamin d, the adrenocorticoid hormones, and many sex hormones | steroids |
| important for lipid digestion in the instestines | steroids |
| amino acids that cannot easily be synthesized within the body but must be obtained in the diet | essential amino acids |
| what is chiral in all amino acids, except glycine | alpha-carbon |
| basic? | amine |
| acidic? | carboxyl |
| the amine is positively charged while the carboxylate is negatively charged when the pH is where? | 7 |
| short chains of amino acids - shorter than 50 | peptides |
| long chains of amino acids - longer than 50 | proteins |
| order in which amino acids are linked together | primary structure of proteins |
| attractive forces between amino acids accounts for? | 3D shape of protein |
| breaking the amide bond into smaller peptides or amino acids | hydrolysis |
| loss of native state, often associated with loss of protein activity | denaturation |
| biological catalysts ; most are proteins | enzymes |
| properties of enzymatic reactions | - increase reaction rates up to 10000000 fold |
| reactant molecule | substrate |
| uniquely shaped surface where substrate binds | active site |
| substrate does not fit into active site, protein conforms to shape of substrate | induced-fit model |
| non-protein component of enzyme | cofactor |
| enzyme that cleaves an HIV polyprotein to form reverse transcriptase, integrase, etc. | HIV protease |
| inhibits HIV protease enzyme by binding the active site ; used to treat AIDS | protease inhibitor |
Created by:
lc_fabian
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