Molecular Genetics
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| DNA Replication | Process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis.
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| Double Helix | Shape of DNA molecule formed when two twisted DNA strands are coiled into a springlike structure and held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
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| Nitrogen Base | Carbon ring structure found in the DNA and RNA that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen includes adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
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| Codon | Set of three nitrogenous bases that represents an amino acid; order of nitrogenous bases in mRNA determines the type and order of amino acids in a protein.
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| mRNA | RNA that transports information from DNA in the nucleus to the cells cytoplasm.
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| rRNA | RNA that makes up the ribosomes; clamps onto mRNA and uses its information to assemble amino acids in the correct order.
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| Transcription | Process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make and RNA copy of a DNA strand.
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| tRNA | RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins.
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| Translation | Process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
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| Chromosomal Mutation | Mutation that occurs at the chromosome level resulting in changes in the gene distribution to gametes during meiosis; caused when parts of the chromosome start to break off or rejoin incorrectly
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| Frameshift Mutation | Mutation that occurs when a single base is added or deleted from DNA; causes a shift in the reading of codons by one base.
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| Mutagen | Any agent that can cause a change in DNA; includes high-energy radiation, chemicals, or high temperatures.
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| Mutation | Any change or random error in DNA sequence.
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| Point Mutation | Mutation in DNA sequence; occurs from a change in a single base pair.
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| Clone | Genetically identical copies of an organism or gene.
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| Gene Splicing | In recombination DNA technology, the rejoining of DNA fragments by vectors and other enzymes.
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| Genetic Engineering | Method of cutting DNA from one organism and inserting the DNA fragment into a host organism from the same or different organism.
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| Frameshift Mutation | Mutation that occurs when a single
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