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| Glycolysis | Produces pyruvate
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| Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA consists of three steps | Decarboxylation, oxidation, and acetyl transfer
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| Pyruvate dehydrogenase | A regulatory kinase and phosphatase are part of the mammaian PDH
E2 contains three domains
Several copies each E1 and E3 surround E2
The complex contains multiple copies of each of three enzymes
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| Coenzyme prosthetics | FAD, TPP/TDP. Lipoamide
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| What is benefit of substrate channeling | Intermediates of a multistep reaction sequences do not dissociate from the enzyme complex
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| Select the factors that stimulate the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | Dephosphrylation of E1
Increase in Ca 2+ concentration
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| What is the fate of pyruvate if a person has PDH deficiency | It is processed to lactate
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| Identify how DCA acts to stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity | DCA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
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| Identify the status of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in patients who responds to DCA | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex displays some residual activity
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| What is the biochemical explanation for the symptoms of neurological dysfunction displayed by mercury nitrate | The dihydrolipoamide group of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is inactivated , preventing the gluclose in the brain
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| Which additional process will be inhibited in the dorsal root ganglion under conditions | the citric acid cycle
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| True statements about citric acid cycle ` | acetyl-CoA is graded to produce NADH and FADH2
Aerobic process
NADH, GTP, FADH2, and Coenzyme A
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| Citric acid cycle | 2CO2
4 reduced coenzymes
1 ATP
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| Which enzymes produce NADH as a product | Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase
A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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| Which of the compounds in the citric acid cycle are high energy compounds or transfer chemical energy | GTP
FADH2
NADH
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| Which enzymes or enzyme complex is similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | a-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
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| What are the key control points within the citric acid cycle | a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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| How should the nutritionist explain why fats cannot be directly converted into carbohydrates | During glucongenesis, glucose is created from oxaloacetate. However, oxaloacetate general citric acid cycle. Because carbons from fats must enter the citric acid cycle CoA first become carbohydrates
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| Which enzymes of citric acid cycles yields a compound with high phosphorylated | succinyl CoA syntethase
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| The citric acid cycle occurs | mitchondrial matrix
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| Prokaryotic past | Contain their own circular DNA
Have a double membrane
Replicate by a process similar to prokaryotes
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| ETC events | Two electrons pass between cytochromes through a series of redox reactions
NADH releases two hydrogens ions and donates two electrons to coenzyme Q
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| Donate electrons of ETC | NADH
FADH2
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| final ETC | O2
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| Final products of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation | NAD+
FAD
H2O
ATP
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| How do cytochromes donate and accept electrons | each cytochrome has an iron-containing heme group that accepts electrons and then donates electronegative substance
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| What is the advantage of having complexes 1, 3, 4 associated with one another in | It enables the rapid transfer of electrons, thereby increasing the efficiency of proton pumping
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| Electron transport chain complex inner mitchondrial | complex 2
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| How many protons does complex 1 pump into the inter membrane space | 4
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| Cytochrome c in the electron transport chain | it transport an electron from complex 3 and complex 4
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| final electron acceptor | cytochrome c oxidase
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| proton gradient in cellular respiration | a higher concentration of (H+) on one side a membrane than the other
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| Proton gradient in the mitochondrion | It is potential energy that can power ATP synthesis
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| ATP synthase | ATP synthase would remain sensitive to Fo proton conduction translocation and ATP synthesis
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| How is oxaloacetate modified to a form that can be transported out of the matrix | transamination
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| What direction is ATP 4+ transported during the active oxidative phosphorylation | out of mitochondrial matrix
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| What drives the transport of adenine nucleotides | The electrochemical gradient
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| What is the major regulator of oxygen consumption during oxidative phosphorlyation | ADP
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| molecule controls the rate of the pentose phosphate pathway | NADP+/NADPH
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| Epinephrine stimulates | lipolysis in adipose tissue
Glucoenogensis in liver
glycogen breakdown
glycolysis in muscle
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| What is fate of the radioactive label | 14C appears C-5 of ribulose 5-phosphate
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| Which reaction requires the ATP | Fructose 6-phophate ---> fructose 1,6 biphosphate
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| Red blood cells accomplish by producing lactate | energy production in the form of ATP
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| how can red blood cells generate CO2 if they lack mitchondria | the pentose phosphate pathway coupled with glucoeogensis
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| pentose phosphate pathway | nucleotide synthesis
biosynthesis reactions
glucose 6-phosphate
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| controls rate of the pentose phosphate pathway | NADP"/NADPH
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| Which reaction by the molecule in the first question | glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
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