Vocabulary
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| chemical bond | the attractive forces that holds atoms or ions together
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| ionic bonding | a force that attracts electrons from one atom to another, which transforms a neutral atom into an ion; metal and nonmetal
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| covalent bonding | a bond formed when atoms share one of more pairs of electrons; metal and metal
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| nonpolar covalent bond | a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are equally attracted to both bonded atoms
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| polar | describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated
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| polar covalent bond | a covalent bond in which a pair of electrons shared by two atoms is held more closely by one atom
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| molecule | the smallest particle of a substance that has all of the chemical properties of that substance; is made up of one atom or two or more atoms bonded together
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| molecular comound | a chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules
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| chemical formula | a combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance.
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| molecular formula | a chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in molecule, but not the arrangement of atoms
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| bond energy | the energy required to the break the bonds in 1 mol of a chemical comound
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| electron-dot notation | and electron-configuration notation in which only the valence electrons of an atom of a particular element are shown, indicated by dots placed around the element's symbol
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| lewis structure | a structural formula in which electrons are represented by dots; dot pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols represent pairs in covalent bonds
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| structural formula | a formula that indicates the location of the atoms, groups, or ions relative to one another in a molecule and that indicates the number and location of chemical bonds
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| single bond | a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons
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| multiple bond | a bond in which the atoms share more than one pair of electrons, such as a double bond or a triple bond
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| resonance | the bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure
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| ionic compound | a compound composed of ions bound together by electrostatic attraction
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| formula unit | the collection of atoms corresponding to an ionic compound's formula such that the molar mass of the compound is the same as the mass of 1 mol of the formula units
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| lattice energy | the energy associated with constructing crystal lattice relative to the energy of all constituent atoms separated by infinite distances
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| polyatomic ion | and ion made of two or more atoms
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| metallic bonding | a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them
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| malleability | the ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into a sheet
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| ductility | the ability of a substance to be hammered thin or drawn out into a wire
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| VSEPR theory | predicts some molecular shapes based on the idea that pairs of valence electrons surrounding an atom repel each other
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| hybridization | the mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of the same atom to produce new orbitals; represents the mixing of higher and lower energy orbitals to form orbitals of intermediate energy
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| hybrid orbitals | orbitals that have the properties to explain the geometry of chemical bonds between atoms
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| dipole | a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance
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| hydrogen bonding | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule
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| london dispersion forces | in the intermolecular attraction from the uneven distribution of the electrons and the creation of temporary dipoles
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| AB2 | linear
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| AB3 | triangular planar
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| AB4 | tetrahedral
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| AB2E/AB2E2 | bent
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| AB3E | triagonal pyramidal
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