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Missing Vocab

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Term
Definition
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)   show
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Adapted Alternating Treatment Designs   show
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Add-In Component Analysis   show
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show Behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behavior; time-filling or interim activities that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered  
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Affirmation of the Consequent   show
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Alternative Schedule (alt)   show
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show An antecedent intervention, implemented independently of occurrences of the problem behavior that usually has clients engage in some effortful for of aerobic activity  
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Antecedent Stimulus Class   show
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show Forming new stimulus classes with little or no reinforced practice  
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Arbitrary Relations   show
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show Antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect  
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show An outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it is measured but in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred  
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Autoclitic Frame   show
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show Involves supplemental control by an MO related to some aspects of the speaker's primary verbal response  
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Autoclitic Tact   show
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show Skinner (1957) used "automatic" to identify circumstances in which behavior is evoked, shaped, maintained, or weakened by environmental variables occurring without direct manipulation by other people  
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show A backward chaining procedure in which some steps in the task analysis are skipped; used to increase the efficiency of teaching long behavior chains when there is evidence that the skipped steps are in the learner's repertoire.  
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Bar Graph   show
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show A term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single-subject experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication  
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Behavior Chain Interruption Strategy   show
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show A contingency that specifies a time interval by which a behavior chain must be completed for reinforcement to be delivered  
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Behavior Chain Tactic   show
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show An itemized list (usually in hierarchical order) that provides descriptions of specific skills and the conditions under which each skill should be observed.  
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show An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behavior changes  
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Behavioral Inflexibility   show
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show The extent in which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation  
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Bidirectional Naming (BiN)   show
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show A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behavior  
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show An analysis in which only one or two 5-10 minute sessions are conducted for each condition  
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Calibration   show
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show If-then relationships (e.g if A, then B; if B, then C) that are a central feature of understanding and doing science  
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show The change (acceleration or deceleration) in rate of responding over time; based on count per unit of time (rate); expressed as a factor by which responding is accelerating or decelerating (multiplying or dividing)  
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show A unit of time in which celeration is plotted on a Standard Celeration Chart  
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show The celeration trend line is measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods  
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show A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule  
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show Various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses to form new performances  
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show A new member us added to a demonstrated stimulus equivalence class as the result of teaching a new conditional discrimination  
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show Independent equivalence classes are combined as the result of teaching a new but interrelated conditional discrimination  
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show A match-to-sample procedure in which not only is the correct comparison choice conditional on the sample stimulus, but the type of consequence delivered is, too; class-specific consequences themselves become members of the equivalence classes  
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show A term popularized by Pryor (1999) for shaping behavior using conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory stimulus such as a handheld device that produces a clicking sound when pressed.  
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show A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with point-to-point correspondence, but without formal similarity  
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show A relation involving two stimuli that both participate in mutual entailment with some common third stimulus  
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Compound Schedule   show
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Compound Verbal Discrimination   show
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show A stimulus class whose members share a common set of features  
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Concurrent Chains Design   show
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show Performance in a match-to-sample procedure in which discrimination between the comparison stimuli is conditional on, or depends on, the sample stimulus present on each trial  
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show The likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance  
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Conditioned Negative Reinforcer   show
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show A learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., sound of refrigerator door opening) and the response it elicits (e.g. salivation)  
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show Describes a situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization  
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show A schedule of reinforcement that is in effect whenever reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for two or more schedules of reinforcement  
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Constant Time Delay   show
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show The situation or context in which a stimulus (a stimulus class) occurs determines its function  
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show Signals the type of relational responding that will be reinforced  
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show A mutually agreed-upon document between parties (e.g., parent and child) describing a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s).  
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show Exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses  
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show Behavior acquired by direct experience with contingencies  
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Contingent   show
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Contingency Space Analysis   show
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show A procedure for implementing time-out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement in lost  
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show Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behavior analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a target behavior  
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show Any stimulus made functional for the target behavior in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behavior in a generalized setting  
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show A simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior  
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Countercontrol   show
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show The period of time in which a count of the number of responses emitted is recorded  
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show A device that automatically draws cumulative records (graphs) that show the rate of response in real time; each time a response is emitted, a pen moves upward across paper that continuously moves at a constant speed  
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show A relation between the self, as one stimulus, and other stimuli from the external world  
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show A phenomenon in which delayed rewards, regardless of their significance and magnitude, exert decreasing influence over choice-making behavior as a function of their temporal distance from present circumstances  
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show A variation of the multiple baseline design in which an initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, begin for one behavior (or setting, or subject), and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors begin in a staggered or delayed fashion  
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show Responding indicating a relation (e.g., same as, opposite, different from, better than) between two or more stimuli that emerges as an indirect function of related instruction or experience  
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show A data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time  
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show Direct observation of a problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions  
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Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates (DRD)   show
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show Occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation  
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show Statements describing corrective, disciplinary, and revocation actions, depending on the circumstances for violations of a professional  
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Discontinuous Measurement   show
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Discriminated Operant   show
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Discriminated Avoidance   show
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show A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has been punished and in the absence of which that behavior has not been punished  
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Distinction Relation   show
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Double-Blind Control   show
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DRI/DRA Reversal Technique   show
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show An experimental technique for demonstrating the effects of reinforcement by using differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition  
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show A method for conducting a component analysis in which the investigator presents the treatment package and then systematically removes the components  
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show A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with formal similarity, and a history of generalized reinforcement  
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Elementary Verbal Operants   show
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show Stimulus relations that are not taught directly but emerge as an indirect function of related instruction or experience  
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Enriched Environment   show
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Environmental Enrichment (EE)   show
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show A scale in which equal distances on the axis represent equal absolute amounts of the variable plotted on the axis.  
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Equivalence Test   show
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Equivalence-Class Formation   show
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Errorless Learning   show
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Ethical Codes of Behavior   show
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Evocative Effect (a motivating operation)   show
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Exact Count-per-Interval (IOA)   show
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Exclusion (training)   show
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Explanatory Fiction   show
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show Phenomenon in which diverse and novel forms of behavior are sometimes observed during the extinction process  
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show Any aspect of the experimental setting that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation (e.g., temperature, lighting)  
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Feature Stimulus Class   show
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Fixed-Interval DRO (FI-DRO)   show
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Fixed-Momentary DRO (FM-DRO)   show
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show Occurs when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or response product (a) share the same send mode and (b) physically resemble each other  
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show Intentional, willful, and deceitful behavior  
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show Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space  
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show A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus  
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show A procedure for implementing DRL in which reinforcement is delivered at the end of the session if the total number of responses emitted during the session does not exceed the criterion limit  
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Function-Altering Effect (relevant to operant relations)   show
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show Designates responses as members of the targeted response class solely in terms of their common effects on the environment  
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show Serving the same function or purpose  
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show A generic term for a variety of behavioral processes and behavior change outcomes  
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show Changes in the behavior of people not directly treated by an intervention as a function of treatment contingencies applied to other people  
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Generalization Probe   show
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Generalization Setting   show
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show A behavior change that has not been taught directly  
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show A term often used when a learner imitates a wide variety of unprompted, untrained, non-reinforced modeled behaviors in different settings and situations  
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Generative Learning   show
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Generic (tact) Extension   show
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show An independent group contingency in which a behavior group is divided into two or more teams that compete against each other and/or a specified criterion  
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Graph   show
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show Occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long- term punishers are minimized  
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Habit Reversal   show
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Habituation   show
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Hero Procedure   show
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show A nested stimulus relation in which a category, subsuming multiple stimuli, is itself a member of a higher-order category subsuming multiple stimuli  
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show An antecedent intervention in which two to five easy tasks with a known history of learner compliance (high-p requests) are presented in quick succession immediately before requesting the target task, the low-p request  
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show Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS)  
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show Behavior defined in terms of general relations between antecedents and responses, rather than in terms of specific stimuli and responses; examples include generalized imitation, manding, instruction following, naming, and relational framing  
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show An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire  
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Hypothetical Construct   show
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show A systematic, research-based set of procedures for teaching a non-imitative learner to imitate models of novel behaviors  
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Impure Tact   show
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show Structured interviews , checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires used to obtain information from people who are familiar with the person exhibiting the problem behavior (e.g., teachers, parents, caregivers)  
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Indirect Measurement   show
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Indiscriminable Contingency   show
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show The environment where instruction occurs  
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show A contingency of reinforcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement  
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Interrupted Chain Procedure   show
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Interval DRL   show
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show An index of the agreement between observers for data obtained by interval recording or time sampling measurement  
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Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency Analysis   show
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show Some verbal stimuli only supplement other more critical antecedents, but nonetheless they play with a causal role in evoking behavior  
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Irreversibility   show
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show A phenomenon in which two separate, but interrelated forms of a person's own verbal behavior, combine to acquire stimulus control of a response that would not have occurred in the absence of either  
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Lag Reinforcement Schedule   show
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show An analysis in which each session is terminated as soon as a problem behavior occurs  
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Least- to - Most Response Prompts   show
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Level System   show
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show Based on a Cartesian plane, a two-dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines  
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Listener Discriminations   show
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show The average rate of response during a smaller period of time within a larger period off which an overall response rate has been given  
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show A self-directed behavior change technique in which the person forces herself to perform an undesired behavior repeatedly, which sometimes decreases the future frequency of the behavior  
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show A discrete trial procedure for investigating conditional relations and stimulus equivalence  
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Mean Count-per-Interval IOA   show
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Mean Duration-per-Occurance IOA   show
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show The process of applying quantitative labels to describe and differentiate objects and natural events  
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Measurement BIas   show
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show A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares some, but not all, of the relevant features of the original stimulus  
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show A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science  
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show A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares none of the relevant features of the original stimulus configuration, but some irrelevant yet related feature has acquired stimulus control  
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show A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence  
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show A behavior change strategy in which learner acquire new skills by imitating demonstrations of the skills by live or symbolic models  
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Most-to-Least Response Prompts   show
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Motor Imitation (relating to sign language)   show
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show An experimental design in which two or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding  
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Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors Design   show
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Multiple Baseline Across Setting Design   show
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Multiple Baseline Across Subjects Design   show
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Multiple Control (of verbal behavior)   show
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show A variation of the multiple baseline design that features intermittent measures, or probes, during baseline  
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show A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence  
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show The effects of one treatment on a subjects behavior being conounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study  
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show Any experimental design that uses the experimental methods and logic of the reversal tactic to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another  
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show A bidirectional stimulus relation in which one direction is directly learned and the other is derived  
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show An observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period  
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show Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) that operates independent of the behavior analyst's or practitioner's efforts  
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show Failure to demonstrate professional integrity on the part of the provider that threatens the client's health and safety  
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Neutral Stimulus (NS)   show
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Nodal Stimulus (node)   show
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Non-Equivalence Relations   show
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Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) Reversal Technique   show
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Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline Across Participant Design   show
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Normalization   show
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Observed Value   show
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Observer Reactivity   show
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Overall Response Rate   show
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show A condition in which the range of discriminative stimuli, or stimulus features controlling behavior, is extremely limited; often interferes with learning  
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Overshadowing   show
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Partition Time-Out   show
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Percentage   show
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show Responding as if from the vantage point of another person, place, or time than the personal here and now  
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show A behavior that, when learned, produces corresponding modifications or covariation in other untrained behaviors  
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show A procedure that prevents a subject from detecting the presence of absence of the treatment variable  
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Planned Activity Check (PLACHECK)   show
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show A procedure for implementing time-out in which social reinforcers are withheld for a brief period contingent on the occurrences of the target behavior  
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show A relation between the stimulus and response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response.  
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show Improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained  
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show A philosophical position asserting that the truth value of a statement is determined by how well it promotes effective action  
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show An instructional approach that involves pinpointing the skills to be learned  
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show A statement describing the functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time  
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show Covert events typically accessible only to the person experiencing them  
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show The extent to which procedures in all phases and conditions of an experiment, including baseline, are implemented correctly  
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Programming Common Stimuli   show
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show A variation of a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement that increases the ratio requirements incrementally within the session  
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Progressive Schedule of Reinforcement   show
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show A procedure for transferring stimulus control from contrived response prompts to naturally existing stimuli that starts with simultaneous presentation of the natural stimulus and the response prompt  
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Range-Bound Changing Criterion Design   show
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Ratio Scale   show
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show Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured  
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show "Differential responding to novel combinations of stimulus components that have been included previously in other stimulus contexts"  
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Recovery from Punishment   show
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show A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits  
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show A stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement  
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show A type of stimulus-to-stimulus relation in which the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus  
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show A decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operations  
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show An increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation  
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Relational Frame   show
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Relational Frame Theory (RFT)   show
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Relevance of Behavior Rule   show
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show Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity  
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show A statement of what the researcher seeks to learn by conducting the experiment  
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Respondent Extinction   show
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Response Differentiation   show
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Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD)   show
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Response Prompts   show
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Response-Deprivation Hypothesis   show
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show Three common types of restrain--personal restrain, protective equipment, and self restraint--appear in the behavior analysis literature  
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show Refers to the reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased and to the three-phase procedure that produces the effect  
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show A comparison prior to conducting a behavioral assessment or intervention of the potential harm to the client versus the benefits likely to result from the procedures  
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Scatterplot   show
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Scatterplot Recording   show
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show A rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement  
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show An interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the occurrence of the behavior  
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show A fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning  
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show A category of verbal behavior in which the speaker points to or selects a particular stimulus  
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Selectionism   show
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show Contingency contract that a person makes with himself or herself incorporating a self-selected task and reward as well as personal monitoring of task completion and self-delivery of the reward  
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Self-Control [Skinner's Analysis]   show
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Self-Control [impulse analysis]   show
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Self-Evaluation   show
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show Self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that function as rules or response prompts for a desired behavior  
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Self-Management   show
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show A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior  
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Semilogarithmic Chart   show
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Sensory Extinction   show
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show The effects on a subject's behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subject's experience with a prior condition  
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show The extent to which a learner emits the target behavior setting or stimulus situation that is different from the instructional setting  
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Simple Discrimination   show
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Simple Verbal Discrimination   show
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Simple-to-Complex Testing Protocol   show
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Socially Mediated Contingency (reinforcement)   show
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show A verbal response evoked by a stimulus property that is only indirectly related to the proper tact relation  
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show A procedure for implementing DRL in which reinforcement follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time  
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show Responding jointly to two stimuli on the basis of their juxtaposition in space  
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show A multiply-divide chart with six base-10 cycles on the vertical axis that can accommodate response rates as low as 1 per 23 hours to as high as 1000 per minute  
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show A pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time  
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show Repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influence on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition  
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show "An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells"  
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show Occurs when a competing stimulus blocks the evocative function of a stimulus that has acquired stimulus control over the behavior  
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Stimulus Discrimination   show
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show A method of transferring stimulus control that involves highlighting a physical dimension of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a correct response and then gradually diminishing the exaggerated dimension until the learner is responding correctly  
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Stimulus Generalization Gradient   show
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show Prompts that operate directly on the antecedent task stimuli to cue a correct response in conjunction with the critical Sd  
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Stimulus-Control Topographies   show
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show A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus  
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Surrogate Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-S)   show
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show A type of stimulus-to-stimulus relationship in which the learner, without prior training or reinforcement for doing so, demonstrates the reversibility of matched sample and comparison stimuli  
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show A behavior therapy treatment for anxieties, fears, and phobias that involves substituting one response, generally muscle relaxation, for the unwanted behavior-- the fear and anxiety  
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Tact Extension   show
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show An elementary verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or fingerspelled response that does not have formal similarity between the stimulus and the response  
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Tandem Schedule (tand)   show
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show Randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and ross teaching sessions  
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Temporal Extent   show
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show Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (i.e., when in time behavior occurs can be measured)  
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show Responding jointly to two stimuli on the basis of their juxtaposition in time  
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Time Delay   show
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show Defines instances of the targeted response class by the shape or form of the behavior  
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Topography-Based Verbal Behavior   show
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show The simplest indicator of IOA for event recording data; based on comparing the total count recorded by each observer per measurement period  
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show A relevant IOA for total duration measurement; computed by dividing the shorter of the two durations reported by the observers by the longer duration and multiplying by 100  
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Training Structure   show
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Transfer of Function   show
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Transformation of Function   show
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show An environmental variable that, as a result of a learning history, establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or ebates) the behavior that has been reinforces by that other stimulus  
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Transitivity   show
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Treatment Drift   show
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Treatment Package   show
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Trial-Based Functional Analysis   show
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Trial-by-Trial IOA   show
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True Value   show
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Trials-to-Criterion   show
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show An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists  
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show An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did  
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show Occurs when, in the case of a two-step chain, the second behavior in the chain (r2) produces reinforcement in the presence of the prior SD (s2) , but (r2) also produces reinforcement when that SD is not present. Unchaining may weaken a chain  
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show A motivating operation whose value-altering effect does not depend on a learning history  
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Unconditioned Negative Reinforcer   show
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show An unlearned stimulus response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., food in mouth) that elicits the response (e.g., salivation)  
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Unpairing   show
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show An interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the nonoccurrence of the behavior  
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Value-Altering Effect (of a motivating operation)   show
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Variable Baseline   show
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show A DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of variable duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during the interval  
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show A DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by variable amounts of time in random sequence, and delivered if the problem is not occuring at those times  
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Verbal Conditioned Discrimination (VCD)   show
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show An interaction between a speaker and a listener  
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show Verbal stimuli can alter the functional effects of immediate or future SDs and MOs and, accordingly, change a listener's behavior  
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show A behavior change strategy in which the participant views a video of a model performing the target behavior and then imitates the behavior  
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show A behavior change strategy in which the participant views a video of himself successfully performing the target behavior and then imitates his own model  
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show A term used by some authors as a synonym for A-B-A-B design; also used to describe experiments in which an effective treatment is sequentially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavioral changes  
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