EOSC 112 MIDTERM 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What is is the most important contributor to global warming ? | show 🗑
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| How significant is the increase in solar radiation to global warming? Compare to anthropogenic GHG? | show 🗑
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| T/F? - Increase in troposheric ozone concentration also contributes to greenhouse warming | show 🗑
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| show | net cooling effect
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| T/F? - The effect of change in cloud cover is more precisely known than the effect of greenhouse gas concentration | show 🗑
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| show | air temperature
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| What is the most powerful GHG? | show 🗑
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| show | CO2
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| What greenhouse gas drives global warming? | show 🗑
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| show | because it was rapidly oxidized to CO2 by oxygen
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| show | FALSE - CO2 contributes more
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| show | methane
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| Can changes in the water content of the atmosphere DRIVE climate change? | show 🗑
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| show | continuous exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere by a range of processes
(e.g. volcanism, weathering, photosynthesis, respiration, etc.)
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| show | atmospheric concentration of CO2 and CH4
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| show | Changes in atmospheric CO2 can drive climate changes because atmospheric
CO2 concentration can change independently of climate (e.g. burning fossil fuel)
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| When chemically bound to hydrogen (H), carbon is : (organic vs inorganic)? | show 🗑
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| Is limestone organic or inorganic? | show 🗑
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| Is the living tissues of organism is a form of (a) organic (b) inorganic carbon | show 🗑
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| show | inorganic
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| show | organic
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| Size of largest carbon reservoirs (decreasing) | show 🗑
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| Explain CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 | show 🗑
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| Explain H2CO3 -> (H+) + HCO3- | show 🗑
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| show | Bicarbonate ions dissociate to produce hydrogen ions and carbonate ions
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| show | TRUE
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| Where is Carbon found in marine sediments? | show 🗑
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| show | No, more dissolved than in atmosphere
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| show | inorganic carbon only
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| what is involved in Organic C cycle? | show 🗑
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| what is involved in Inorganic C cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | multi-million year timescales
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| atmospheric CO2 is affected by exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and...._________ which is controlled by_________? | show 🗑
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| Exchanges with large reservoirs produce (i) rapid or (ii) slow changes in atmospheric CO2 because the processes controlling the exchanges are (iii) fast or (iv) slow | show 🗑
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| Exchanges with smaller reservoirs produce (v) small or (vi) large changes in atmospheric CO2 | show 🗑
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| Why do exchanges with smaller reservoirs produce large changes in atmospheric CO2? | show 🗑
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| The residence time of CO2 in the atmosphere with respect to respiration/photosynthesis is 12.7 years. This means that: | show 🗑
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| show | May - September; respiration of organic matter on continents exceeds photosynthesis by land plants
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| on seasonal timescale, atmospheric CO2 increases from __________ in the northern hemisphere? | show 🗑
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| show | higher atmospheric CO2 increases the photosynthetic rate of land plants
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| are seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 larger or smaller in the southern hemisphere? | show 🗑
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| what causes seasonal fluctuations in atmospheric CO2? | show 🗑
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| show | Atmosphere/Biosphere/ Hydrosphere/Lithosphere
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| show | the balance between uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere during weathering and addition of CO2 to the atmosphere by volcanism
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| show | - Atmospheric CO2 increases and stabilizes at higher level
- Rain water becomes more acidic
- Rate of CO2 uptake by weathering increases until it matches the rate of CO2 release by volcanism
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| show | higher atmospheric CO2 increases the acidity of rain water, the reaction rate between carbonic acid and silicate minerals and the uptake rate of atmospheric CO2 by weathering
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| Lower rates of seafloor spreading.. - volume of basins? - mid ocean ridges? sea level? - SA of continent? | show 🗑
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| Higher rates of seafloor spreading.. - mid ocean ridges? - time to cool and contract? - volume? | show 🗑
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| Increasing the rate of seafloor spreading.. - atms co2? influences | show 🗑
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| Mountain ranges formed when two continental plates are colliding.. - contribute to atms co2 by? | show 🗑
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| show | a sea level 130 m lower than today
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| What factors affect the rate of removal of atmospheric CO2 by weathering? | show 🗑
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| show | It will increase and stabilize at a higher level when the rate of removal by weathering matches again the rate of input from volcanoes
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| Which factor controls sea level by changing the volume of water in the ocean? | show 🗑
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| a ____fraction of this organic carbon is consumed by heterotrophs and oxidized back to CO2, but a _______ proportion is buried in marine sediments | show 🗑
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| The organic carbon buried in marine sediment is slowly transported to subduction zones by _________ | show 🗑
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| show | weathering
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| Weathering of rocks on the surface of continents produces a net ________ of CO2 from the atmosphere | show 🗑
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| show | the balance between the amount of organic carbon produced by photosynthesis and buried, and the oxidation of organic carbon during the weathering of sedimentary rocks
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| The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is largely dictated by: | show 🗑
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| If we were to burn all the fossil fuel available in the Earth’s crust, which of the following we would : | show 🗑
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| show | higher O2 content and lower CO2 content
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| show | by analyzing old air confined in air-tight bubbles trapped in the ice covering Antarctica
a Snow gradually compresses as new snow falls on top
b Bubbles get trapped at around 50m below surface
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| atmospheric CO2 was _______ during ice ages and _______ during interglacial periods | show 🗑
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| show | same
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| why was the Antarctic ice finding significant? | show 🗑
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| Changes in atmospheric CO2 recorded in ice cores during the last 800,000 years are mainly a result of.. | show 🗑
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| show | too small
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| . Changes in atmospheric CO2 recorded in ice cores during the last 800,000 years are: _______ to be explained by exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and sedimentary rocks | show 🗑
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| Lowering atmospheric CO2 during ice ages could be achieved by? | show 🗑
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| show | high because productivity in these oceanic regions is limited by a lack of Fe, or because of light limitation from deep vertical mixing and shallow light penetration
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| show | increasing
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| How can you increase the biological pump? | show 🗑
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| show | i. Vertical mixing is too deep
ii. Euphotic zone is too shallow
iii. Another essential nutrient is missing
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| show | the production of carbon dioxide in seawater
i when 2 molecules of CO2 are removed from the atmosphere by weather, one co2 is returned to the atmosphere when CaCO3 is formed and one is removed to
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| Coccolithophorids and diatoms are common types of phytoplankton in the ocean. Which of these two types of phytoplankton is more effective at driving a flux of CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean? and why? | show 🗑
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| Decreasing atmospheric CO2 during the ice ages could be achieved by: | show 🗑
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| show | release of phosphate from continental rocks during weathering and uptake of phosphate by land plants
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| show | recycling in terrestrial ecosystems and supply of dissolved phosphate to the ocean by rivers
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| The P cycle includes: burial of ________ molecules containing ________ in marine sediments | show 🗑
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| The P cycle includes: Inclusion of phosphorus in _________________________ and ____________ | show 🗑
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| show | a) decreasing the burial efficiency of phosphorus reaching the seafloor with sinking organic matter
b) increasing the rate of addition of dissolved phosphate from the continents by runoff
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| show | oxidized (phosphate)
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| show | FALSE - most reduced form: ammonia
most oxidized: nitrate
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| show | prokaryotes
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| Some nitrogen fixers live in ________ with other organisms | show 🗑
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| show | FALSE - Main N fixers are cyanobacteria, which thrive in low latitudes where thermal stratification of the water column limits nitrate supply by vertical mixing from deeper water
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| Does denitrification requires the presence of oxygen ? | show 🗑
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| show | cyanobacteria or methanogens
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| T/F? Nitrifying bacteria decompose organic matter to regenerate nitrate in deep water | show 🗑
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| T/F? Nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to ammonia (NH3) during denitrification | show 🗑
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| show | TRUE
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| show | nitrate uptake
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| show | decomposition
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| show | nitrogen fixation
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| show | denitrification
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| show | nitrification
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| processes and marine environments: nitrogen fixation | show 🗑
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| show | thermally stratified surface water
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| show | aphotic zone in presence of oxygen
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| show | anoxic zones
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| processes and types of marine organism: nitrogen fixation | show 🗑
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| show | phytoplankton
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| show | chemoautotrophic bacteria
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| show | anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria
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| processes and types of marine organism: NH3 excretion | show 🗑
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| show | Denitrification and nitrogen fixation
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| show | subtropical gyrens
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| What happen to ammonia released by the decomposition of organic nitrogen in the water column? | show 🗑
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| show | <16 because nitrate is reduced to N2 which escapes to the atmosphere
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| Most seawater samples have a nitrate to phosphate concentration ratio of 16 (Redfield Ratio). In seawater where nitrogen fixation occurs, the nitrate to phosphate concentration ratio is: | show 🗑
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| show | increases
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| Negative feedback if N2 fixation increases: export production _________ | show 🗑
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| show | increases; large; heterotrophs
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| Negative feedback if N2 fixation increases: the anoxic zones of the ocean ________ and denitrification rates ________ until they match the higher level of N2 fixation. | show 🗑
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| show | higher
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| Which one of the following could possibly contribute to lowering the level of CO2 in the atmosphere? | show 🗑
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| show | fossilized remains of bacterial communities that form layered mats of minerals
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| The morphology of the stromatolites implies that they were | show 🗑
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| show | sulfide oxidizing bacteria which used sunlight to oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to sulfur (S) and produce organic matter from CO2. This process is called anoxygenic photosynthesis. Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria are still found today in hot springs
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| show | O2 produced by photosynthesis reacted with reducing chemical species (reduced iron, sulfide, CH4, etc.)
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| show | O2 produced by photosynthesis reacted with reducing chemical species (reduced iron, sulfide, CH4, etc.)
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| What happened before oxygenic photosynthesis? | show 🗑
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| show | H2S or H2
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| Does anoxygenic photosynthesis produce oxygen ? | show 🗑
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| show | in hot springs
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| show | Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya
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| show | archaea and bacteria -> single cell prokaryotes
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| What super kingdom(s) contain Protista, Fungi, Metaphyta and Metazoa? | show 🗑
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| show | thermophiles (archaea or bacteria), i.e. prokaryotic cells living in water as hot as 80°C. This suggests that life started in hot springs or near hydrothermal vents
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| show | TRUE
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| show | use energy produced from oxidation of H2 by CO2 and produce CH4 as a by-product
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| Can some methanogens can fix nitrogen (N2) in addition to CO2 to produce organic matter? | show 🗑
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| The first ecosystems were based on the production of organic matter by what species? | show 🗑
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| T/F? The organic matter produced by these primitive organisms was consumed by aerobic heterotrophic bacteria | show 🗑
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| show | cynaobacteria or methanogens
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| what type of organisms are methanogens? | show 🗑
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| why are prokaryotes more resistant to ultraviolet radiations? | show 🗑
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| show | fermenting bacteria
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| show | BIFs are laminated sedimentary rocks that consist of alternating layers of iron-rich and silica-rich minerals.
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| show | The iron-rich layers were produced by the oxidation of reduced Fe (added to seawater from hydrothermal vents and continental runoff) by oxygen produced by cyanobacteria
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| (a) Ediacaran metazoans (b) shelled multicellular organisms (c) Oxygenic cyanobacteria (d) methanogens. Sequence them in order of first appearance on Earth (starting with those that appeared first and finishing with those that appeared last)? | show 🗑
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| show | false- when multicellular organisms started developing hard shells
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| the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere was essential to allow the evolution of the ___________ | show 🗑
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| The evolution of organisms able to produce _______ produced the “Cambrian Explosion” and it is believed that atmospheric oxygen reached a level similar to today during that period for the first time in Earth history | show 🗑
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| show | approx 1 billion years after
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| show | because the oxygen that was initially produced by cyanobacteria was used to oxidize Fe2+ and form large deposits of iron oxides
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| show | combustion of organic matter is impossible if the oxygen level drops below 13% and charcoal is found in the entire geological record of the Phanerozoic
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| The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is equivalent to.. | show 🗑
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| show | OK
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Created by:
sarahveresch