Fund Q4 U8-9
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show | Referred pain—appears to arise in different areas, pain that is felt at a place in the body different from the injured or diseased part where the pain would be expected
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show | pain arising from organs or hollow visceral, being perceived in an area remote from the organ causing pain
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Transcendence | show 🗑
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show | follows damage and/or sensitization of peripheral nerves (phantom limb pain)
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Etiology of pain: Central | show 🗑
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show | abnormal connections between pain fibers (edema)
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show | the lowest intensity of stimulation at which pain is experienced
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Pain tolerance | show 🗑
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Hyperalgesia and Hyperpathia | show 🗑
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Allodynia | show 🗑
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show | an unpleasant sensation which may resemble prickling, itching, burning, or electrical shock
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Stages of Nicoception | show 🗑
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show | Tissue Damage, release of chems (prostaglandins), they release stimulate pain receptors (nociceptors), painful stimuli causes movement of ions across cell membranes. NSAIDS work well at this stage by blocking prostaglandins and dec movement of ions.
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show | pain impulse to spinal cord, pain quality depends on C (dull) or A (sharp) pain, opiods work well in this phase which stops the pain at the spinal level
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show | Brain signals back with the release of opioids, serotonin and nerepinephrine. Antidepressants work well at this stage.
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show | client becomes aware of pain, non-pharmalogical methods work well.
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Gate theory of pain | show 🗑
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show | COLDERR Character, Onset, Location, Duration, Exacerbation, Relief and Radiation
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Pain management | show 🗑
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show | is administration of analgesics prior to an invasive procedures in order to treat pain before it occurs
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World Health Organization three step approach | show 🗑
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Equianalgesic dosing | show 🗑
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show | medication that is not classified as a pain medication (antidepressants)
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Nonpharmacologic invasive therapies | show 🗑
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Types of opioids | show 🗑
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show | bind tightly to receptor sites (morphine)
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Mixed agonist-antagonist | show 🗑
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show | have a ceiling effect in contrast to full agonist, codein, tramadol.
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PCA | show 🗑
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show | Administering opioid with nonopioid analgesics for severe pain experiences
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show | Offer the client a pain scale to objectify the information
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show | Deep visceral
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show | Anticipatory teaching
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Nurses working with clients in pain need to recognize and avoid common misconceptions and myths about pain. In regards to the pain experience, which of the following is correct? | show 🗑
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show | An expected assessment finding of a client experiencing acute pain would be diaphoresis due to sympathetic nerve stimulation.
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show | Explanation: With a PCA system, the client controls medication delivery.
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show | The gate theory suggests that cutaneous stimulation activates larger, faster-transmitting A-beta sensory nerve fibers.decreases pain transmission thru small-diameter A-delta and C fibers. A back massage is nursing inte based on the gate-control theory.
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show | To determine the quality of the client’s pain the nurse might say, “What does your discomfort feel like?” It is more accurate to have clients describe the pain in their own words whenever possible.
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The nurse recognizes opiods are used to contol pain at this process of nociception. | show 🗑
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show | Can occur due to excessive fluid intake.
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show | difficulty or pain in urinating
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A client in the hospital has an indwelling urinary catheter, and the nurse is instructing the nursing assistant in the appropriate care to provide. The nurse teaches the assistant to: | show 🗑
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show | An expected change in bowel elimination is decreased chewing and decreased salivation, resulting in less efficient mastication.
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A client with an excessive alcohol intake has a reduced amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The nurse anticipates the client will exhibit: | show 🗑
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show | Excess loss of colonic fluid due to diarrhea can result in serious fluid and electrolyte or acid-base imbalances. Infants and older adults are particularly susceptible to associated complications.
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show | Missed specimens make the whole collection inaccurate. The test must be restarted.
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The nurse is visiting the client who has a nursing diagnosis of “Alteration in urinary elimination; retention”. On assessment, the nurse anticipates that this client will exhibit: | show 🗑
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Diaphoresis | show 🗑
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What is ileus | show 🗑
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Minimum kidney filtration rate | show 🗑
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show | male 6-8, femaile 1.5 infections
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show | voiding scant amts, less than 500 mL/24 hours Less urination than normal
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show | voiding less than 100 mL/24 hours. Anuria means nonpassage of urine
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Incontenence | show 🗑
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show | if below 30 cc/hour, may indicate low blood volume or kidney failure
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show | promote at least 1500 mL per day, and 2000-3000 mL to prevent UTI
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S/S of Acute pain | show 🗑
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S/S of Chronic pain | show 🗑
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Etiology of pain: Neuropathic | show 🗑
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Nociceptors | show 🗑
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mstcnurse