Gas Exchange and Transport
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| show | process of getting O2 into the body for tissue utilization and removal of CO2 into the atmosphere
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| Oxygen must be moved into the lungs where it....... | show 🗑
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| Carbon dioxide builds up into the tissues because of..... | show 🗑
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| Carbon dioxide diffuses into.... | show 🗑
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| Gas movement between lungs and tissues occure by? | show 🗑
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| What is the diffusion gradient for oxygen? | show 🗑
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| What is the final gradient for oxygen infusion into the cell? How many mm Hg? | show 🗑
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| What is the diffusion gradient for carbon dioxide? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference of the oxygen diffusion gradient compared to the carbon dioxide diffusion gradient. | show 🗑
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| show | CO2 to move from tissues into the venous blood, which is transported to the lungs and out to the atmosphere
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| Alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PACO2) | show 🗑
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| show | 0.863
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| show | PACO2= VCO2 * 0.863 --------------- VA (alveolar ventilation)
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| show | 35-45mm Hg
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| If carbon dioxide production increase as with exercise or fever what happens to ventilation? | show 🗑
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| What is the most important facto in determining the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (PAO2)? | show 🗑
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| show | water vapor and carbon dioxide
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| What is the alveolar air equation formula? | show 🗑
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| According to Dalton's law the partial pressure of alveolar nitrogen must.... | show 🗑
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| show | PAN2= PB-(PAO2+PACO2+PH2O)
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| show | oxygen and carbon dioxide. Because both water vapor tension and PAN2 remain constant.
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| show | vary inversely with PACO2
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| show | 140 mm Hg
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| Neural control mechanisms and increased work of breathing prevent decreases in PaCO2 much below? | show 🗑
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| show | should not exspect any higher than 120 mm Hg
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| show | patient is breathing supplemental oxygen
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| Diffusion | show 🗑
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| In order for oxygen to diffuse into and out of the lung and tissues, O2 and carbon dioxide must move through.... | show 🗑
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| Alveolar capillary membrane | show 🗑
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| What 3 barriers must be penetrated in order for O2 and CO2 to move btw alveoli and pulmonary capillary blood? | show 🗑
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| Fick's first law of Diffusion | show 🗑
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| show | gass pressure gradients
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| show | difference in partial pressures
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| show | 100 mm Hg
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| In pulmonary diffusion Mean PaCO2 is approximately how many mm Hg? | show 🗑
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| In pulmonary diffusion PvO2 is how many mm HG? | show 🗑
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| show | 46 mm Hg
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| show | 60 mm Hg
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| show | 20 times faster. Because of its much higher solubility in the plasma.
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| show | rate of pulmonary blood flow
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| How long does blood take to flow through the pulmonary capilary? | show 🗑
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| show | carbon monoxide (0.1%-0.3%)
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| The PaO2 of healthy person breathing at sea level is approximately how much less than the calculated PaO2? | show 🗑
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| 2 factors that account for the 5-10 mm Hg difference in calculated PaO2 are? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.bronchial venous drainage 2.thebsian venous drainage
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| show | causes it to move directly into the arterial circulation, lowering the oxygen content of the arterial blood.
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| What is the ideal ventilation and perfusion ratio? | show 🗑
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| show | ventilation is greater than normal, perfusion is less than normal, or both. LOW- ventilation is less than normal, perfusion is greater than normal, or both.
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| In areas with low V/Q the alveolar PO2 is? PCO2 is? | show 🗑
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| Area with ventilation but no blood flow represent? | show 🗑
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| Alveolar shunts | show 🗑
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| show | gravity and most evident in the upright position
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| Does perfusion increase or decrease farther down the lung? | show 🗑
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| show | increases. Four times as much ventilation than apexes.
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| V/Q at apexes of lungs | show 🗑
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| V/Q at bases of lungs | show 🗑
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| (Oxygen Transport)blood carries O2 in what 2 forms? | show 🗑
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| show | Dissolved oxygen= PO2*0.003
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| Deoxygenated hemoglobin serves as a what in transport? | show 🗑
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| Oxyhemoglobin | show 🗑
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| show | 1.34 ml
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| Hb increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood by how much? | show 🗑
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| show | measure of proportion of available Hb that is actually carrying oxygen
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| Hb saturation formula | show 🗑
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| show | relationship btw PaO2 and SaO2 is S shaped
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| show | total oxygen content of bloo equals the sum of that dissolved and chemically combined with Hb
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| Formula for Total oxygen content of blood | show 🗑
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| show | 16-20 ml/dl
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| What is the difference between the arterial and venous oxygen contents? | show 🗑
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| C(a-v)O2 | show 🗑
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| show | The C(a-v)O2 combined with total-body oxygen to calculate cardiac output
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| Normal range for cardiac output | show 🗑
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| show | increase the C(a-v)o2
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| show | C(a-v)O2 will decrease
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| show | blood pH, body temp, erythrocyte concentration of certain organic phosphates, variations in the structure of Hb, chemical combinations of Hb with substances other than O2
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| Bohr effect.....What does it do? | show 🗑
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| A low pH shifts a curve to the? | show 🗑
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| A high pH shifts a curve to the? | show 🗑
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| show | falls
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| show | rises
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| As blood in the tissue picks up CO2, pH falls and the HbO2 curve shifts to the? Does it increase or decrease the affinity of Hb for oxygen? | show 🗑
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| With a lower of the affinity of Hb for O2 Hb readily gives up what to the tissues? | show 🗑
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| Venous blood returns to the lungs and the pH does what? This shifts the curve to the? Does this increase or decrease the affinity of Hb for oxygen? | show 🗑
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| A drop in body temperature shifts the HbO2 cureve to the? | show 🗑
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| show | right, affinity of Hb for O2 decreases.
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| show | metabolic rate
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| show | found in abundance in the RBC's and forms a loose chemical bond with the globin chains of deoxygenated Hb.
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| 2,3-DPG does what to the molecule in it's deoxygenated state? | show 🗑
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| What would happen if we didn't have 2,3-DPG? | show 🗑
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| show | right. Oxygen unloading
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| Low 2,3-DPG concentrations shift the curve to the? And does what to the Hb affinity for O2? | show 🗑
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| Alkalosis, chronic hypoxemia, and anemia all increase or decrease 2,3-DPG concentrations? | show 🗑
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| show | lowers the level of DPG and a greater affinity of Hb for O2.
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| What happens to DPG in banked blood? | show 🗑
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| show | It impairs oxygen delivery even in the presence of a normal PO2
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| show | when the amino acid swquence in the molecule's polypeptide chains varies from normal.
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| What percent of the circulating hemoglobin are abnormal in a healthy individual? | show 🗑
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| show | abnormal hemoglobin that is less soluable and causes the hemoglobin to become suceptible to polymerization and precipitation when deoxygenated
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| show | dehydration, hypoxia, acidosis
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| Patients with sickle cell are prone to? | show 🗑
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| Acute chest syndrome? Symptoms? | show 🗑
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| Methemoglobin | show 🗑
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| What happens in the ferric state of methemoglobin? | show 🗑
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| show | a special form of anemia results called methhemoglobinemia
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| show | therapeutic use of medications containg nitrogen. Nitric oxide, nitroglycerine, lidocaine
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| show | brown, slate-gray skin coloration
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| How do we confirm that a patient has methemoglobin? | show 🗑
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| How is methemoglobin treated? | show 🗑
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| Carboxyhemoglobin | show 🗑
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| show | 200 times greater
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| show | left. Impeding oxygen delivery to the tissues
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| What is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning? | show 🗑
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| Fetal Hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| show | left. HbF has a greater affinity for oxygen than does normal adult Hb
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| show | aids oxygen loading at the placenta
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| show | low
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| What happens after birth with the Fetal hemoglobin? | show 🗑
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| show | partial pressure of oxygen at which the Hb is 50% saturated, standardized to a pH of 7.40
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| show | 26.6 mm Hg
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| Conditions that cause an decrease in Hb affinity for oxygen cause a shift to the? | show 🗑
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| show | left. P50 decreases to lower than normal
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| How much carbon dioxide is carried in the blood? | show 🗑
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| In what three forms is carbon dioxide carried in the blood? | show 🗑
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| Dissolved carbon dioxide plays an important role in? How much is released at the lungs? | show 🗑
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| Carbon dioxide hasa the capacity to chemically cobine with free amino groups of protein molecules forming a? | show 🗑
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| show | A compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, which is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood. 12% of the total carbon dioxide.
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| show | 80%
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| show | chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water
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| show | carbonic acid
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| show | carbonic anhydrase
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| Where does the majority of hydrolysis occur? | show 🗑
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| What happens when hydrolysis of carbon dioxide continues for a while? | show 🗑
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| How is equilibrium obtained when bicarbonate accumulates in the RBC? | show 🗑
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| Chloride shift | show 🗑
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| Haldane effect | show 🗑
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| What is the Haldane effect a result of? | show 🗑
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| show | Decreases. unloading
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| What is the formula for oxygen delivery? | show 🗑
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| Hypoxia | show 🗑
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| In what three ways will hypoxia occur? | show 🗑
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| When does hypoxemia occur? | show 🗑
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| What things might a decreased PaO2 be caused by? | show 🗑
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| show | 85 mm Hg
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| Mountain sickness | show 🗑
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| Alveolar PO2 varies directly or indirectly with alveolar PCO2? | show 🗑
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| show | PaO2. Interstitual edema, Pulmonary fibrosis
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| What is the most common cause of hypoxemia in patients with lung disease? | show 🗑
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| show | there is wasted ventilation, alveolar dead space
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| What happens when ventilation is less than perfusion? | show 🗑
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| What does ventilation perfusion imbalances usually occur in lung disease? Why? | show 🗑
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| show | there is blood flow but no ventilation and is equivalent to a right to left anatomical shunt
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| show | If the O2 is more than 50% and the PaO2 is less than 50% significant shunting is present. otherwise it is a V/Q imbalance
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| show | Expected PaO2=100.1-(0.323*Age in years)
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| show | enough normal Hb in the blood
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| Can hypoxia occur if the Hb is low even when the PaO2 is normal? Why? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 hemoglobin deficiencies? | show 🗑
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| show | occurs when Hb concentration is lower than normal due to a low blood Hb concentration by either loss from hemorrhage or inadequate erythropoesis.
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| What is relative Hb deficiency? | show 🗑
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| show | seriously impair the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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| show | blood flow is reduced
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| show | circulatory failure(shock), local reduction in perfusion(ishemia)
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| show | causes irreversible damage to the central nervous system and eventual cardiovascular collapse
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| show | anaerobic metabolism, metabolic acidosis, eventual death of tissue
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| Dysoxia | show 🗑
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| What is an example of dysoxia? | show 🗑
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| show | tissue oxygen consumption becomes dependent on O2 delivery
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| show | tissue extraction reaches a maximum and decreases delivery of O2 resulting in a oxygen debt due to oxygen demand exceeding oxygen delivery
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| show | oxygen delivery
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| Any disorder that lowers alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic need impairs? | show 🗑
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| show | hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis
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| show | minute ventilation is inadequate, dead space ventilation per minute increases, or a ventilation perfusion imbalance exists
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| show | decreased tidal volume
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| Inadequate minute ventilation occurs in what types of conditions? | show 🗑
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| show | drug overdose
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| show | rapid shallow breathing, or increased physiologic dead space (V/Q 0)
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| What does increased dead space ventilation cause? | show 🗑
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| IN theory V/Q imbalance should cause a rise in PACO2. However many patients who are hypoxemic because of a V/Q imbalance have a low or normal PaCO2. What does this suggest? | show 🗑
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| To compensate for high PCO2 values with V/Q imbalances what must happen? | show 🗑
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| Patients who can increase their minute ventilation with V/Q imbalance then to have? | show 🗑
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| Patients with an V/Q imbalance who cannot increase their minute ventilation are? when does this occur? | show 🗑
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| When a patient is hypercapnic what must happen for them to maintain a normal PaCO2? | show 🗑
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