Chapter 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Statistics | show 🗑
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| Data | show 🗑
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| show | To describe and understand sources of variability
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| Population | show 🗑
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| show | person or object that is a member of the population being studied
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| Sample | show 🗑
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| Statistic | show 🗑
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| Inferential statistics | show 🗑
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| Parameter | show 🗑
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| Process of Statistics | show 🗑
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| show | characteristics of the individuals within the population
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| Qualitative or Categorical variables | show 🗑
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| Quantitative variables | show 🗑
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| Discrete variable | show 🗑
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| show | a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values
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| 2 types of quantitative variables | show 🗑
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| Levels of measurements of a variable | show 🗑
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| show | *The values of the variable name, label, or category
*Do not allow for the values of the variables to be arranged in a ranked specific order.
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| show | information being conveyed is based on causal observation not scientific research.
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| show | Consists of organizing and summarizing data. Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical summaries, tables and graphs.
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| Ordinal level of measurement (EXP: shoe size) | show 🗑
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| show | *has properties of ordinal level of measurement
*differences in the value of the variable have meaning
*a value of ZERO does NOT mean the absence of the quantity
*arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction can be done
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| Ratio level of measurement (EXP:GPA) | show 🗑
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| show | measures the value of the response variable without attempting to influence the value of either the response or explanatory variables. (This allows researcher to only claim ASSOCIATION!)
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| Response variable | show 🗑
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| Explanatory variable | show 🗑
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| Designed experiment | show 🗑
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| Confounding | show 🗑
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| Lurking variable | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Cross-sectional
2. Case-controlled studies
3. Cohort studies
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| Cross-sectional study | show 🗑
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| show | Observational studies that are retrospective, which requires individuals to look back in time or require the researcher to look at existing records. In case-control studies, individuals who have certain characteristics are matched with those that do not.
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| Cohort study | show 🗑
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| Census | show 🗑
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| show | the process of using chance to select individuals from a population to be included in the sample
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| show | n
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| show | N
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| Simple random sampling | show 🗑
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| show | a list of all the individuals in the population of interest numbered 1 to N.
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| show | 1. Graphing calculator
2. Statistical software (stat crunch)
3. Random number table
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| show | 1. Stratified sample
2. Systematic sample
3. Cluster sample
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| Stratified Sample | show 🗑
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| show | obtained by selecting every k'th individual from the population. The 1st individual selected is a random number between 1 and k.
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| 5 Steps in systematic sampling: | show 🗑
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| Cluster Sample | show 🗑
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| Convenience sample | show 🗑
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| Multistage sampling (EXP:NEILSEN) | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Sampling Bias
2.Response Bias
3.Nonresponse Bias
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| Sampling Bias | show 🗑
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| show | undercoverage results in sampling bias, this occurs when the propoprtion of one segment of the population is lower in a sample than it is in the population.
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| show | exists when individuals selected to be in the sample do not respond to the survey may have different opionion from those who do
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| show | exists when the answers on a survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent.
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| 4 types of response bias: | show 🗑
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| Data-entry error | show 🗑
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| show | errors that result from sampling bias, nonresponse bias, response bias, or data-entry error. Could be present in a complete census of the population
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| show | an error that results from using a sample to estimate information about a population-gives imcomplete infomation about a population
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| Experiment | show 🗑
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| show | any combination of the values of the factors
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| Explantory variables | show 🗑
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| Experimental unit (or subject) | show 🗑
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| Placebo | show 🗑
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| Blinding | show 🗑
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| Single-blind | show 🗑
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| Double blind | show 🗑
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| What are the steps in designing an experiment? | show 🗑
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| show | Determined which factors are to be fixed (the control), which factors will be manipulated and which factors will be uncontrolled.
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| show | Randomizing the experimental units to various treatment groups so that the effects of variables whose level cannot be controlled is minimized. The idea is that randomization "averages out" the effect of uncontrolled predictor variables
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| Replication | show 🗑
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| Completely randomized design | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Completely randomized
2.Matched-pairs design
3.Randomized block design
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| Matched-pairs design | show 🗑
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| show | When the experimental units are divided into homogeneous groups called blocks. Within each block the experimental units are randomly assigned to treatments.
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| Confounding | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
Jmclemen
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