A/P Ch 11
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| The conductive region of the neuron where the action potential occurs is called: | show 🗑
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| The specific region on the axon where an action potential is generated is called: | show 🗑
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| What support cell forms the myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system? | show 🗑
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| show | nodes of Ranvier.
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| Neurons can communicate with, or stimulate, which of the following? | show 🗑
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| show | Both dendrites and the soma
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| If an axon branches, these branches of the neuron are called: | show 🗑
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| show | Dendrites, soma, axon
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| show | The cell membrane
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| The number of processes extending from their cell body can classify neurons structurally. Which is the most common neuron type in humans? | show 🗑
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| The sensory, or afferent, division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the _________ to the CNS. | show 🗑
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| The interior of a nerve cell has a slight excess of negative charge because: | show 🗑
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| show | Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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| show | All the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
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| Which of the following line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and provide a barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with a myelinated nerve fiber? | show 🗑
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| show | Action potential
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| show | Large diameter
The larger the diameter of the axon, the faster it conducts impulses.
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| A potential of -90 mV is considered: | show 🗑
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| During which phase of an action potential are voltage-gated K+ channels open, while voltage gated Na+ channels are closed? | show 🗑
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| show | Endorphins
Endorphins act as naturally occurring opiates and reduce the perception of pain under certain stressful conditions.
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| show | multiple local potentials occur at different places on the same cell at the same time.
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| show | Postsynaptic membrane becomes more permeable to K and Cl.Most inhibitory neurotransmitters induce hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane by making the membrane more permeable to K ions,Cl ions, or both.Na ion permeability is not affected.
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| show | Acetylcholine
ACh is in a chemical class by itself.
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| show | Astrocytes
Astrocytes cover capillaries in neural tissue.
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| show | Bipolar
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| show | Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done each moment in the body. Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done each moment in the body is known as "integration."
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| Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is also known as the involuntary nervous system? | show 🗑
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| show | retrograde movement.
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| show | From the nodes of Ranvier
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| show | Leakage channels
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| show | Potassium
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| The sodium-potassium ion pump will: | show 🗑
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| show | the neuron is in the absolute refractory period.
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| show | Opening of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors
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| show | ATP
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| Which of the following substances is NOT a neurotransmitter? | show 🗑
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| show | False
Reverberating, or oscillating, circuits give continuous output signals until one neuron in the circuit fails to fire. These circuits may continue to fire for seconds, hours, or even a lifetime, such as those controlling the rhythm of breathing.
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| True or False? Acetylcholine is only found at the neuromuscular junction. | show 🗑
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| True or False? All neurons are amitotic. | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| True or False? The sodium/potassium pump provides energy for neurons, but does NOT affect resting membrane potential. | show 🗑
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| show | False
Amino acids occur in all cells of the body. The amino acids that have been proven to be neurotransmitters are GABA, glycine, aspartate and glutamate.
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| True or False? Excitatory synapses can occur anywhere on a dendrite or soma, but it is at the axon hillock where an action potential is generated. | show 🗑
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| show | False
An IPSP causes hyperpolarization.
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| show | False
Nervous tissue is very cellular, and less than 20% of the CNS is extracellular space.
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| show | False
Processing of input in the various circuits is both serial and parallel.
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| True or False? The firing of one neuron can produce temporal summation. False | show 🗑
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| show | True
Nodes of Ranvier are the bare areas on myelinated axons. Myelinated axons propagate impulses by saltatory conduction, which is much faster than the propagation process that takes place in unmyelinated axons.
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| show | True. Unipolar neurons are more accurately known as pseudo unipolar neurons, because they originate as bipolar neurons. During embryonic development the two processes fuse, forming a central axon and a peripheral process that is an axon as well.
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| show | True
Although both ions can flow, influx of Na+ is predominant because of the negative potential inside the cell.
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| show | False
Although the CNS is a great control center, it does NOT control everything. The endocrine system monitors some things, and certain processes are managed at the cellular level.
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| show | False
Schwann cells myelnate axons in the PNS only.
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| Nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | Brain and spinal cord.
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | show 🗑
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| show | Nerve that contains processes of sensory neurons and carries nerve impulses to the central nervous system.
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| show | Nerves that carry impulses leaving the brain and spinal cord, and destined for effectors.
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| Somatic nervous system (so-mä'tik) | show 🗑
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| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | show 🗑
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| Sympathetic division | show 🗑
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| show | The division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision.
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| Neuroglia (nu-rog'le-ah) | show 🗑
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| show | A type of CNS supporting cell; assists in exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons.
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| show | A type of CNS supporting cell; can transform into phagocytes in areas of neural damage or inflammation.
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| Ependymal cell (ë-pen'dï-mul) | show 🗑
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| show | A type of CNS supporting cell that composes myelin sheaths.
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| show | A type of supporting cell in the PNS; forms myelin sheaths and is vital to peripheral nerve fiber regeneration.
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| show |
The biosynthetic center of a neuron; also called the perikaryon, or soma.
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| show | (1) Prominence or projection; (2) series of actions for a specific purpose.
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| Tract | show 🗑
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| show | A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system.
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| show | Branching neuron process that serves as a receptive, or input, region; transmits an electrical signal toward the cell body.
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| show | Neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body; efferent process; the conducting portion of a nerve cell.
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| show | Axon of a neuron.
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| show | Branching ends of an axon that allow it to form many axon terminals; telodendria.
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| Axon terminals (synaptic knobs, boutons) | show 🗑
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| show | The plasma membrane of an axon.
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| Myelin sheath (mi'ë-lin) | show 🗑
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| Unmyelinated fibers (un-mi'ë-lï-na-t”ed) | show 🗑
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| White matter | show 🗑
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| show | Gray area of the central nervous system; contains neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites.
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| show | Neurons with three or more processes; most common neuron type in the CNS.
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| show | Neuron with axon and dendrite that extend from opposite sides of the cell body.
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| show | Neuron in which embryological fusion of the two processes leaves only one process extending from the cell body.
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| Pseudounipolar neuron (soo”do-u”nï-po'lar) | show 🗑
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Nerve cell located between motor and sensory neurons that shuttles signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs.
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| Electrochemical gradient | show 🗑
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| Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump | show 🗑
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| Depolarization (de-po”ler-ah-za'shun) | show 🗑
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| show | An increase in membrane potential in which the membrane becomes more negative than resting membrane potential.
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| show | A local change in membrane potential that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus, declines with distance.
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A large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber.
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| show | A self-propagating wave of depolarization; also called an action potential.
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| Absolute refractory period | show 🗑
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| show | Follows the absolute refractory period; interval when a threshold for action potential stimulation is markedly elevated.
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| show | Transmission of an action potential along a myelinated fiber in which the nerve impulse appears to leap from node to node.
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| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | show 🗑
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| Synapse (sin'aps) | show 🗑
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| show | Small membranous sacs containing neurotransmitter.
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| Synaptic cleft (si-nap'tik) | show 🗑
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| show | Time required for an impulse to cross a synapse between two neurons.
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| show | Depolarizing graded potential in a postsynaptic neuron.
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| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) | show 🗑
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| show | Accumulation of effects, especially those of muscular, sensory, or mental stimuli.
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| show | A class of neurotransmitters including beta endorphins and enkephalins (which act as euphorics and reduce perception of pain) and gut-brain peptides
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| show | Intracellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase)
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| Neuronal pools | show 🗑
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| Reflex | show 🗑
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| Cell Body | show 🗑
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| show | Location where neurotransmitter is made
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| show | Very beginning of axon where the first voltage regulated channels are found.
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| Axon | show 🗑
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| show | branches along length of Axon
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| show | Any of the terminal or smaller branches of an axon; terminates with specialized ending that releases neurotransmitter.
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| Neuron Characteristics | show 🗑
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| CNS Nuclei | show 🗑
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| PNS Ganglia | show 🗑
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| show | A long axon
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| show | Provide an enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons.
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| Biosynthetic center | show 🗑
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| Conducting Component | show 🗑
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| show | Axon terminal
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| show | 1)Schwann Cell envelopes an axon
2)Schwann cell then rotates around axon, wrapping plasma membrane loosely around it in layers.
3)Schwann Cell cytoplasm is forced from btwn the membranes.The tight wrappings surrounding the axon form the myelin sheath.
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| Significance of Myelination | show 🗑
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| Why is it not always easy to determine if a neuron process is an axon or a dendrite? | show 🗑
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| show | Sensory, Motor, Interneurons
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| Voltage | show 🗑
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| show | State of a plasma membrane of an unstimulated neuron or muscle cell in which the inside of the cell is relatively negative in comparison to the outside; resting state.
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| Hyperpolarization | show 🗑
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| What is meant by integration, and does it primarily occur in the CNS or PNS? | show 🗑
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| show | a)full=sensory division of the PNS
b)Somatic nervous system controls movement of skeletal muscle
c)Autonomic Nervous System, controls heart rate.
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| show | Astrocytes control the extracellular environment around neuron cell bodies in the CNS, where as satellite cells perform this function in the PNS.
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| which two types of neuroglia form insulating coverings called myelin sheaths? | show 🗑
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| show | Nerve fiber is a long axon, an extension of the cell. In CT fibers are extracellular proteins that provide support. In muscle tissue, a muscle fiber is a muscle cell.
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| How is nucleus within the brain different from a nucleus within a neuron? | show 🗑
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| show | In the CNS, a myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes that wrap their plasma membranes around the axon. The myelin sheath protects and electrically insulates fibers and increased the speed of transmission of nerve impulses.
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| Which structural and functional type of neuron is activated first when you burn your finger? Which type is activated last to move your finger away from the source of heat? | show 🗑
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| show | The concentration gradient and the elctrical gradient-together called the electrochemical gradient-determine the direction in which ions flow through an open membrane channel.
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| show | There is more leakage of K+ than of any other cations
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| Comparing graded potentials and action potentials, which is bigger? Which travels farthest? Which initiates the other? | show 🗑
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| show | An AP is regenerate anew at each membrane patch.
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| Why is conduction of action potentials faster in myelinated than in unmyelinated axons? | show 🗑
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| If an axon receives two stimuli close together in time, only one AP occurs. WHY? | show 🗑
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| What is the structure that joins two neurons at an electrical synapse? | show 🗑
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| Events at a chemical synapse usually involve opening of both voltage-gated ion channels and chemically gated ion channels. Where are these ion channels located and what causes each to open? | show 🗑
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| What ions flow through chemically gated channels to produce IPSPs? EPSPs? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation? | show 🗑
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| Ach excites skeletal muscle and yet it inhibits heart muscle. How can this be? | show 🗑
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| show | cAMP is called a second messenger because it relays the message between the first messenger outside of the cell and effector molecules that will ultimately bring about the desired response within the cell.
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| What types of neural circuits would give a prolonged output after a single input? | show 🗑
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| show | The pattern of neural processing is serial processing. The response is a reflex arc.
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| show | The pattern of neural processing is parallel processing.
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| What is the name of the growing tip of an axon that "sniffs out" where to go during development? Waht is the general name for the chemicals that tell it where to go. | show 🗑
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| 3 Functions of the nervous system | show 🗑
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| ________ cells found in the CNS are called neuroglia. | show 🗑
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| ______ are mitotic and therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms. | show 🗑
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| show | PNS
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| show | Neurons
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| Almost 50% of the volume of neural tissue in the CNS is made up of ______. | show 🗑
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| In the CNS, ____________ engulf invading microorganisms and dead neural tissue | show 🗑
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| show | Ependymal
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| show | Oligodendrocytes
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| show | Astocytes
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| show | * Conducts impulses away from the cell body
* The process called a nerve fiber
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| Axon terminal | show 🗑
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| Cell Body | show 🗑
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| show | * Conducts local currents toward the soma
* Short, tapering, diffusely branched extension from the cell body.
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| show | * Increases the speed of impulse transmission
* Formed by schwann cells in the PNS
* Patchy disappearance in MS
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| Nissl bodies | show 🗑
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| Axon function | show 🗑
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| show | Trigger Zone
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| show | Secretory Components
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| show | Receptive region
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| 3 special characteristics of neurons | show 🗑
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| Ganglion | show 🗑
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| show | Chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands
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| show | bundle of axons in the PNS
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| Nodes of Ranvier | show 🗑
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| show | collection of cell bodies found within the CNS
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| show | junction or point of close contact between neurons
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| show | Changes, occurring inside or outside the body, that activate the nervous system
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| show | bundle of axons in the CNS
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| show | Period when a neuron cannot be restimulated because its sodium gates are open and an AP is being generated.
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