Solutions
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| homogeneous | a gas, aqueous or solid mixture with the same or uniform composition
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| heterogeneous | you can see the separate components of the mixture
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| solvent | the substance in a solution present in the greatest amount
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| solute | the smaller portion of a solution that dissolves in a solvent
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| aqueous | Water-based
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| solubility | maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature. It is a quantifiable physical property (eg. 2g will dissolve in 100 g)
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| saturated | a solution cannot dissolve any more solute
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| supersaturated | a very unstable solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated one at the same temperature
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| Hydrogen bond (HB) | force of attraction between a partially charged hydrogen dipole and a partially negatively dipole
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| Ion-dipole (ID) | force of attraction between a fully-charged ion and a partially charged dipole
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| Dipole-Dipole (DD) | force of attraction between two partially charged (but opposite) dipoles
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| London Dispersion Forces (LD) | force of attraction between a momentary positive dipole and a momentary negative dipole on any atom or molecule
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| hydration shell | when the polar water molecule surrounds ions or other polar molecules causing them to dissolve
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| Concentration | is the quantity of solute per unit quantity of solvent, expressed as a percent, in parts per million (or billion) or as moles per litre
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| standard solution | a solution with a known concentration
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| dissociation | occurs when ionic compounds break apart into component ions when dissolved in solution
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| Arrhenius Acids | ionize in water to produce one or more hydrogen ions
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| Arrhenius Bases | dissociate in water to produce one or more hydroxide ions
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| Acid-Base Indicators | weak acids that have a characteristic colour at certain pH values
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| strong acids or bases | 100% of the H+ ions (as in acids) or OH- ions (as in bases) dissociate completely in water
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| Concentrated | a solution that contains a great deal of solute
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| Dilute | a solution that contains a small amount of solute
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| Titration | an analytical chemistry technique used to find an unknown concentration of an acid or base solution
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| pH | is a measure of the strength (concentration, in mol/L) of the hydrogen ion. Every 1 increase in pH also means a ten-fold increase in hydroxide ion concentration and a ten-fold decrease in hydrogen ion concentration..
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| weak acids or bases | less than 2% of the H+ ions (as in acids) or OH- ions (as in bases) dissociate in water
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| equivalence point | the point in a neutralization when the # of moles of acid equals the # of moles of base (according to the balanced equation)
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| end point | moment during a titration when the indicator shows a permanent colour change; should be 1 drop more than equivalence pt
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| Bronsted-Lowry Acid | a proton donor
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| Bronsted-Lowry Base | a proton acceptor
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