Electrolytes10/09
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| Subject to circadian rhythms | Phosphate
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| No tourniquet or hand exercise used | Lactate
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| Put specimen on ice | Lactate
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| Indicator of severe O2 deprivation | Lactate
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| Two Types of this: Hypoxic conditions,(shock, MI, pulmonary edema) and Metabolic origins (Diabetes mellitus, infection, leukemia, liver or renal disease) | Lactic Acidosis
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| DNA and RNA makeup | Phosphate
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| Is a component of most enzymes | Phosphate
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| Comes from diet, released from cells into blood, and lost from bone | Phosphate
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| Is regulated through renal excretion and reabsorption | Phosphate
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| Affected by PTH, Vitamin D, and Growth Hormone | Phosphate
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| Colorometric Analysis using Ammonium Phosphomolybdate Complex or Molybdenum Blue | Phosphate
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| Major intracellular anion in hydroxyapatite crystals | Phosphate
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| Major extracellular cation that determines the solubility of plasma | Sodium
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| Uses the ATPase pump | Sodium and Potassium
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| Concentration is regulated by water intake, excretion, and blood volume | Sodium
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| Hyponatremia is defined as | less than 135 mmol/L
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| Hyponatremia is caused by | Sodium loss, Decreased aldosterone, Decreased Potassium, inc water retention, water imbalance
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| Hypernatremia is caused by | Water loss, diabetes insipidus, ADH secretion impaired, too much aldosterone,renal tubular disorder
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| ISE is most used, but there is buildup of protein on electrode membranes | Sodium
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| Major component of buffering system in the blood | bicarbonate
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| Chloride Shift exchanges: | Bicarbonate with Chloride
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| How much bicarbonate is reabsorbed kidneys? | 85%
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| By what form is Bicarbonate absorbed in tubules and into extracellular fluid? | CO2
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| Response to alkadosis | Kidneys excrete bicarbonate in urine and retain Na+
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| Response to acidosis | Kidneys excrete H+ in the urine and totally reabsorb HCO3
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| Response to metabolic acidosis | Hyperventilation
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| Response to metabolic alkalosis | Hypoventilation
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| PCO2 electrode measures | Total CO2
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| Enzymatic reaction for HCO3 | Phosphenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Malate Dehydrogenase, measure NADH
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| Sample MUST STAY CAPPED until analysis | Bicarbonate
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| Major extracellular Anion | Chloride
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| Functions are: Maintains osmotic pressure, proper body hydration, ionic neutrality, and blood volume | Chloride
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| Regulated by Diet and Absorption in GI tract, Passive absorption in proximal tubules, Electrical Neutrality | Chloride
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| State of excessive loss of bicarbonate ions, and is accompanied by hypernatremnia: | Hyperchloremia
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| Sweat determines presence of Cystic Fibrosis | Chloride
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| Amperometric-Coulometric titration | Ag+ binds to Cl- for qunatification
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| Colormetric anaylsis for Chloride | displacement of thiocyanate from mercuric thiocyanate, and reaction with ferric ion to form color
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| ISE is most used | Chloride
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| Major intracellular cation | Potassium
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| Concentration within cell is 20X concentration outside of cell | Potassium
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| Functions are neromuscular excitability, contractions of the heart, intracellular fluid volume, and hydrogen ion concentration | Potassium
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| Aldosterone regulates the secretion of this in exchange for Na+ into the urine in distal tubule and collecting duct | Potassium
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| Distal nephron is the principle determinant of urinary excretion | Potassium
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| Concentration is regulated by ATPase pump | Potassium and Sodium
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| Catecholamines and insulin does what to ATPase pump? | Increases activity to promote cellular entry of K+
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| Propanol (beta blocker) does what to ATPase pump? | Impairs cellular entry of K+
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| Causes release of H+ and intake of Na+ and K+ | Alkalemia
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| Hypoxia, overdose of digoxin, or hypomagnesemia does what to ATPase pump? | Inhibition of pump
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| Hypokalemia is defined as: | less than 3mmol/L
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| ISE uses valinomycin membrane | Potassium
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| Hemolysis should most definitely be avoided! | Potassium!, as well as Magnesium
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| Decreased renal excretion, Cellular Shifts, acidosis, leukemia, exercise causes too much of what? | Potassium
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| This is Essential for life functions | Magnesium
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| Essential cofactor for more than 300 enzymes | Magnesium
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| Involved in DNA transcription, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Transmembrane transport | Magnesium
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| 55-60% in free form, 25-30% bound to albumin, and 15% complexed to anions | Magnesium
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| 50% found in bone, 35-45% intracellular, and 1-2% extracellular | Magnesium
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| Fourth most abundant Cation and Second most abundant Intracellular Ion | Magnesium
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| Renal Threshold for Magnesium is | 0.60-0.85 mmol/L
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| Regulation is controlled by Kidney and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | Magnesium
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| Increased antacids, acute or chronic renal failure, bone carcinoma or dehydration causes: | Hypermagnesemia
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| Colorometric methods include Calamagite, Formazen dye, Methythymol blue | Magnesium
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| Urine must be acidified first | magnesium
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| A divalent Cation; average human body contains 1 KG | Calcium
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| 40-45% bound to proteins, 10% complexed to anions; 45-50% free | Calcium
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| Calcium is controlled by these 3 hormones | PTH, Vitamin D, Calcitonin
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| In bone, causes activation of osteoclasts to break down; in kidneys, causes increased Calcium absorption in tubules, and causes renal stimulation of Vitamin D | PTH
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| Works with PTH to increase Calcium absorption in intestine, and stimulates bone reabsorption | Vitamin D
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| Secreted when there are high levels of Calcium to inhibit the action of both PTH and Vit.D | Calcitonin from the thyroid gland
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| This condition results from Primary hypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia, Acute Pancreatitis, Hypoalbuiminemia, and Vitamin D deficiencies | Hypocalcemia
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| This condition results from hyperparathyroidism, malignancies, endocrine disorder, prolonged immobilzation, Vit. D Toxicity | Hypercalcemia
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| Cannot use Lithium Heparin tube because it will bind to this | Calcium
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| Functions are neuromuscular transmission (CNS), cardiac function and cofactor in blood coagulation | Calcium
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| Analysis uses lactate oxidase and Hydrogen Peroxide | Lactate
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