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| Modern Psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Scientific is a key feature of the definition because psychologists follow strict scientific procedures to collect and analyze their data.
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| critical thinking | the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information
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| psuedopsychology | based on false or unfounded common beliefs, folk wisdom, or superstitions.
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| Wilhelm Wundt | known as the father of all psychology
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| William James | He founded the perspective known as functionalism and known as the father of American Psychology
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| Psychodynamic Perspective | Unconscious dynamics, motives, conflicts, and past experiences
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| Behavioral Perspective | Objective, observable, environmental influences on overt behavior; stimulus–response (S-R) relationships and consequences for behavior
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| Humanistic Perspective | Free will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking
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| Cognitive Perspective | emphasizes the mental processes we use in thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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| Biological Perspective | Genetic and biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system
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| Evolutionary Perspective | Natural selection, adaptation, and reproduction
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| Sociocultural Perspective | Social interaction and the cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes
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| Positive Psychology | the study of optimal human functioning
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| Natural Selection | occurs when a particular genetic trait gives an organism a reproductive advantage over others
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| Individualistic Culture | the needs and goals of the individual are emphasized over the needs and goals of the group.
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| Collective Culture | however, the person is defined and understood primarily by looking at his or her place in the social unit
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| Clinical Psychologist | Specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
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| Cognitive Psychologist | Examines “higher” mental processes, including thought, memory, intelligence, creativity, and language
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| Comparative Psychologist | Studies the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals; emphasizes evolution and cross-species comparisons
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| Counseling Psychologist | Overlaps with clinical psychology, but generally works with less seriously disordered individuals and focuses more on social, educational, and career adjustment
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| Developmental Psychologist | Studies the course of human growth and development from conception to death
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| Educational Psychologist | Studies the processes of education and works to promote the academic, intellectual, social, and emotional development of children in the school environment
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| Environmental Psychologist | Investigates how people affect and are affected by the physical environment
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| Health Psychologist | Studies how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health, illness, and health-related behaviors
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| Industrial, Organizational Psychologist | Studies how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health, illness, and health-related behaviors
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| Basic Research | conducted to advance core scientific knowledge
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| Applied Research | designed to solve practical (“real-world”) problems
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| Hypothesis | Educated guess based on your literature review
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| Meta-Analysis | When different studies report contradictory findings, researchers may average or combine the results of all such studies and reach conclusions about the overall weight of the evidence
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| Theory | based on empirical evidence, rigorously tested, and self-correcting
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| Descriptive Research | To observe and record behavior and mental processes
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| Correlation Research | To detect if two or more variables are related
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| Experimental Research | To determine potential cause and effect
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| Case Study | in-depth study of a single research participant, or a small group of individuals
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| Experimental group | participants who receive the treatment under study
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| Control Group | participants who do NOT receive the treatment under study
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| Glial Cells | make up about 90% of the brain's total cells.
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| endorphins | They elevate mood and reduce pain
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