Chapter 2
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| Neurons | Networks of specialized info-carrying cells.
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| Glial cells | Brain cells that provide support functions for the neurons and may play a role in regulating neural signaling.
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| Myelin | Fatty, waxy substance that insulates portions of some neurons in the nervous system.
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| Cell body | The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and DNA.
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | The chemical found in the nuclei of cells that contain the genetic blueprint that guides development in the organism.
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| Dendrites | Branch-like structures on the cell body of the neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons in the nervous system.
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| Axon | The long tail-like structure that comes out of the cell body of the neuron and carries action potentials that convey info from the cell body to the synapse.
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that carry neural signals across the synapse.
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| Synapse | The connection formed between two neurons when the axon bulb of one neuron comes into proximity with the dendrite of another neuron.
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| Presynaptic neuron | The neuron that is sending the signal at a synapse in the nervous system.
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| Postsynaptic neuron | The neuron that is receiving the signal at a synapse in the nervous system.
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| Ions | Charged particles that play an important role in the firing of action potentials on the nervous system.
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| Resting potential (-70 mv) | Potential difference that exists in the neuron when it is resting.
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| Threshold of excitation (-55 mv) | Potential difference at which a neuron will fire an action potential.
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| Action potential | Neural impulse fired by a neuron when it reaches -55 mv.
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| All-or-nothing fashion | All action potentials are equal in strength; once a neuron begins to fire an action potential, it fires all the way down to the axon.
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| Refractory period | Brief period after a neuron has fired an action potential in which the neuron is inhibited and unlikely to fire another action potential.
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| Excitation | When a neurotransmitter binds with the postsynaptic cell and makes it more likely to fire an action potential.
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| Inhibition | When a neurotransmitter binds with the postsynaptic cell and makes it less likely to fire an action potential.
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| Reuptake | Process by which unused neurotransmitters are recycled back into the vesicles.
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| ACh (acetylcholine) | First neurotransmitter discovered in the early part of the 20th century. Related to muscle movement, learning, and memory.
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| Dopamine | Primarily inhibitory in the brain, but like most neurotransmitters, it is also known to be excitatory. Related to muscle movement, learning, and attention.
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| Serotonin | Neurotransmitter that plays a role in many different behaviors like sleep, arousal, mood, eating, and pain perception.
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| NOR (norepinephrine) | Plays a role in regulating sleep, arousal, and mood.
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| GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) | The body's chief inhibitory neurotransmitter, which plays a role on regulating arousal.
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| Glutamate | Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, found at more than 50% of the synapses in the brain.
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| Endorphines | Neurotransmitters that act like natural painkillers.
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| Nervous system | An electrochemical system of communication within the body that uses cells called neurons to convey info.
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| CNS (central nervous system) | The brain and spinal cord.
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| PNS (peripheral nervous system) | All of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord.
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| Sensory neurons (afferent) | Neurons that transmit info from the sense organs to the CNS.
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| Motor neurons (efferent) | Neurons that transmit commands from the brain to the muscles of the body.
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| Somatic nervous system | Branch of the peripheral nervous system that governs sensory and voluntary motor action in the body.
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| Autonomic nervous system | Branch of the peripheral nervous system that primarily governs organ functioning action in the body.
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| Sympathetic nervous system | Branch of the autonomic nervous system most active during times of danger and stress.
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | Branch of the autonomic nervous system most active during times of normal functioning.
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| Hindbrain | Primitive art of the brain that contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
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| Medulla | Part of the hindbrain that cotrols basic, life-sustaining functions such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure.
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| Pons | Hindbrain structure that plays a role in respiration, consciousness, sleep, dreaming, facial movement, sensory processes, and the transmission of neural signals from one part of the brain to another.
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| Cerebellum | Hindbrain structure that plays a role in balance, muscle tone, and coordination of motor movements.
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| Midbrain | Brain structure that connects the hindbrain with the forebrain.
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| Reticular formation | Part of the midbrain that regulates arousal and plays an important role in attention, sleep, and consciousness.
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| Forebrain | Brain structures including the limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex that governs high-order mental processes.
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| Limbic system | System of structures including the amygdala and hippocampus that governs certain aspects of emotion, motivation, and memory.
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| Cerebral cortex | Thin, wrinkled outer covering of the brain in which high-level processes such as thinking, planning, language, interpretation of sensory data, and coordination of sensory and motor info to take place.
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| Cerebral hemispheres | Right and left sides of the brain that to some degree govern different functions of the brain.
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| Amygdala | Part of the limbic system that plays a role in our emotions of fear and aggression.
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| Hippocampus | Part of brain that plays a role in the transfer of information from short to long term memory.
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| Thalamus | Part of the forebrain that functions as a sensory relay station in the brain.
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| Hypothalamus | Part of the forebrain that plays a role in maintaining homeostasis in the body including sleep, body temperature, sexual functions, thirst, and hunger; also the point where the nervous system intersects with the endocrine system.
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| Homeostasis | An internal state of equilibrium in the body.
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| Frontal lobe | Cortical area directly behind the forehead that plays a role in thinking, planning, decision making, language, and motor movement.
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| Parietal lobe | Cortical areas on the top of the brain that play a role in touch and certain cognitive processes.
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| Occipital lobe | Cortical area at the back of the brain that plays a role in visual processing.
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| Temporal lobe | Cortical areas directly below our ears that play a role in auditory processing and language.
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| Broca’s area | A region in the left frontal lobe that plays a role in the production of speech.
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| Aphasia | An impairment of language, most often resulting from brain damage, in which the person may have difficulty producing speech, understand speech, or both.
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| Wernicke’s area | A region in the left temporal lobe that plays a role in the comprehension of speech.
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| Corpus callosum | A thick band of neurons that connects the right and left hemisperes of the brain.
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| Split brain | A brain with its corpus callosum severed; sometimes done to control the effects of epilepsy in patients who don’t respond to other therapies.
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| Association cortex | Areas of the cortex involved in the association or integration of info from the motor-sensory areas of the cortex.
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| Motor cortex | A strip of cortex at the back of the frontal lobe that governs the execution of motor movement in the body.
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| Somatosensory cortex | A strip of cortex at the front of the parietal lobe that governs our sense of touch.
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| Visual cortex | A region of cortex found at the back of the occipital lobe that processes visual info in the brain.
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| Auditory cortex | A region of cortex found in the temporal lobe that governs our processing of auditory info in the brain.
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| Endocrine glands | Organs of the endocrine system that produce hormones and release them into the blood stream.
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| Hormones | Chemical messengers of the endocrine system.
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| Pituitary gland | Master gland of the endocrine system that controls the action of all other glands in the body.
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| Estrogens | A class of female sex hormones that regulate many aspects of sexuality and are found in both males and females.
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| Androgens | A class of male hormones found in both males and females.
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| Adrenal medulla | Central part of the adrenal gland that plays a crucial role in the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system.
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| Adrenal cortex | Outside part of the adrenal gland that plays a role in the manufacture and release of androgens and therefore influences sexual characteristics.
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| Nature-nurture debate | The degree to which biology (nature) or the environment (nurture) contributes to one's development.
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| Genes | Strands of DNA found in the nuclei of all living cells.
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| Interactionism | Perspective that our genes and environmental influences work together to determine our characteristics.
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| Epigenetics | The principle that environmental factors can alter the expression of genes in our bodies without altering the DNA sequence of the gene.
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| Genotype | Inherited genetic pattern for a given trait.
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| Phenotype | Actual characteristic that results from the interaction of the genotype and environmental influences.
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| Natural selection | Darwin's theory states that genes for traits allow an organism to be reproductively successful, will be selected/retained in a species and genes for traits that hinder reproductive success will not be selected and therefore will die out in a species.
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| Motor cortex | A strip of cortex at the back of the frontal lobe that governs the execution of motor movement in the body.
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| Somatosensory cortex | A strip of cortex at the front of the parietal lobe that governs our sense of touch.
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| Visual cortex | A region of cortex found at the back of the occipital lobe that processes visual info in the brain.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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