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Lindsey Jones 1B- Patient Data

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Question
Answer
VD/VT   show
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show (FIO2*7) – (PaCO2 +10)  
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A-a Gradient (A-aDO2)   show
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show (Hb*1.34*SaO2) + (PaO2 * .003), range 17-20%  
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show (Hb*1.34*SvO2) + (PvO2 * .003), range 12-16%  
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Arterial-Venous Oxygen content difference, C(a-v)O2   show
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Shunt Equation , QS/QT   show
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Fick Equation for Cardiac Output (QT)   show
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show CO / BSA, RANGE 2.5 - 4 L/m/m2  
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Types of Chest X-rays : AP(Anterior to posterior)   show
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show most often done standing  
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show Helps to visualize the lungs as a 3-dimensional body  
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Types of Chest X-rays : Lateral decubitus   show
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Types of Chest X-rays : Oblique   show
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Neck X-rays : Lateral Neck   show
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show 1. Use a A-P chest radiograph. 2. Determined by radio-opaque line on the ET tube. 3. End of line should be 2cm above the carina (or 1 inch)  
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show should be in the pleural space  
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show 1)tip should rest in the right atrium or vena cava 2)distal end in the pulmonary artery, not wedged(i.e. balloon not inflamed.)  
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Placement X-rays : Nasogastric tube positioning   show
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show 1. Bilateral radiolucency 2. sharp costophrenic angles 3. Hemi-diaphragms dome shaped, right higher than left 4. Trachea is midline  
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show Pneumothroax, hemotorax, significant atelectasis  
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Radiological Description : Obliterated costophrenic angles-Associated Problem   show
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show COPD, significant air trapping  
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show Normal  
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Radiological Description : Fluffy infiltrates-Associated Problem   show
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show Pulmonary embolus  
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show Pneumonia  
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show Pulmonary edema  
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Radiological Description : Plate like or patchy infiltrates-Associated Problem   show
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Radiological Description : Ground glass or Honeycomb pattern- Associated Problem   show
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Radiological Description : Reticulongranular pattern   show
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show pleural effusion  
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show 1.Perfusion- abnormal when blood flow around the alveoli is hindered.2. Ventilation-abnormal/missing gas flow in areas of the lungs. Xenon gas is used to monitor gas flow. - V/Q is associated w/ pulmonary emboli.  
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Diagnostic Radiology : Computed Tomography CT / CAT   show
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Diagnostic Radiology : Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)   show
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Diagnostic Radiology : Bronchogram   show
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Diagnostic Radiology : Barium Swallow   show
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K+ Potassium   show
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Na+ Sodium Major:   show
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show Major: Extracellular Anion. Normal: 80-100 mEq/L range HYPERchloremia: (Metabolic ACIDOSIS ) Hypochloremia: (Metabolic alkalosis)  
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show Changes in Total CO2 content reflect changes in blood base. Normal: 22-26 mEq/L range HIGH HCO3- (Metabolic ALKALOSIS) Low HCO3- (Metablolic acidosis)  
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show 1. Both indicates kidney function. 2. Ceratine is more accurate than BUN. 3.Acceptable range- 8-25 mg/dl. 4. Acceptable range- 0.7-1.3 mg/dl.  
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Coagulation Studies : Platelet count   show
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Coagulation Studies : PT (Prothrombin time)   show
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show APTT done when pt. taking Heparin therapy. PTT Normal Value (12-15 secs.)  
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Complete Blood Count(CBC) : Hb   show
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show 1. cells that carry Hb. 2.Acceptable range-4-6 mill/cu mm.  
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show 1.Range 5000-10000/cu mm.(higher indicates infection-txt. antibiotics)2. Types:Neutrophils A)Bands4%-increased w/bacterial infection. B)Segs60%-decreases w/bacterial infection.C)Esinophills2%-causes asthma yellow sputum. D)Monocytes-elevation causes TB.  
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Transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2 monitoring   show
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show 1. Helpful in checking urinary tract infections. 2. Useful when suspecting diabetes (check ketones in blood).  
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Sputum:Gram stain   show
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show Identifies the actual organism.  
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show Identifies the organism-killing antibiotics.  
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show Used to detect the organism associated w/ TB (mycobacterium TB)  
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Sputum: clear   show
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Sputum: White or mucoid   show
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Sputum: Yellow   show
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show stagnant sputum- Bronchiectasis, pseudomonas.  
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show Hemoptysis - bleeding, TB.  
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show old blood.  
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Sputum: Pink frothy   show
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Ventilation : Definition   show
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show 1. Chest movement 2. RR & depth 3. Vt 4. Breath Sounds  
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show 1. Intercostal & Sternal retractions - associated with upper airway obstruction 2. Accessory muscle use.  
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show PaCO2 level  
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Oxygenation : Definition   show
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show 1. Color 2. HR(Tachycardia is poor oxygenation) 3. Mental Status(confused, stuporous) 4. Sensorium  
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show 1. Oxygen saturation 2. PaO2(blood gas)  
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Circulation: signs   show
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show 1. BP 2. Sensorium 3. Urine Output (best indicator of perfusion)  
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show Hemodynamics  
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Visual Inspection : General Appearance   show
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show Hypoxemia.  
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Visual Inspection : Color - ashen/pallor   show
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Visual Inspection : Color- jaundice   show
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show redness, infection and inflammation.  
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Visual Inspection : Color -normal, good color   show
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show seen in pt. with COPD or chronic air-trapping such as cystic fibrosis.  
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show curvature of the spine. Kyposis is hunchback. Scoliosis curvature. PFT will show restrictive component.  
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern- Eupnea   show
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show RR over >20 bpm  
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern: Bradypnea   show
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show Increased RR,depth and regular rhythm. Associated w/ metabolic disorders.  
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show cessation of breathing.  
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern: Kussmaul breathing   show
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern: Biots breathing   show
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern: cheyne-stokes   show
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Visual Inspection : Acessory muscle use - normal muscles   show
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show 1. Intercostals 2. scalene. 3. Sternocleidomastoid 4. Oblique, rectus abdomial muscles.  
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Visual Inspection : Nasal flaring   show
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show 1. strenght of cough effort. 2. frequency. 3. Productive or not:> a. Blood(hemoptysis)-TB. B. Dry or non-productive- Lung cancer/foreign body. Yellow sputum-infection.  
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show 1. COPD. 2. Flail chest(broken ribs. 3. Pneumothorax. 4. ET tube advanced too far into one lung. 5. Significant atelectasis.  
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show 1. Thorax moves out on inspiration. 2. Abdomen moves out on inspiration.  
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Visual Inspection: Digital clubbing   show
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show 1. Veins of the neck protrude during breathing. 2. Associated w/CHF and COPD.  
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Visual Inspection: Diaphoresis(Heavy sweating)   show
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show 1. Found in extremities esp. in the lower legs. 2. Associated w/CHF and any fluid-shift disease.  
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show 1. It is caused by Bronchoconstriction. 2. Bilateral wheeze is treated w/ a bronchodilator. 3. Unilateral wheeze could be caused by a foreign body obstructiob or a bronchial mass as seen w/ lung cancer and treat w/ bronchoscope.  
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show 1. secretions in the large airways. 2. Often remedied by suctioning.  
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show 1. Secretions in the middle-sized airways. 2.Treated w/ CPT including postural drainage. 3. Fine crackles/rales indicates atelectasis- treat w/ hyperinflation therapy.  
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show 1. Upper airway obstruction. 2. Possible foreign body aspiration. 3. If mild- Treat w/cool mist and hydration. 4. If moderate-treat w/racemic epinephrine. 4. If severe-intubate the pt. 5. If foreign body-perform bronchoscopy. Croup and epiglottis occurs.  
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show 1. Indicates decresed air movement in the area. 2. Egophony- associated w/consolidation of secretions such as Pneumonia. 3. Bronchophony-Indicates consolidation. Whispered pectoriloquy is similar.  
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Bedside Assessment :Adventious(abnormal) Breath Sounds-friction rub   show
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Vesicular   show
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show Done by tapping the knuckles while placed over the thorax.  
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show normal lungs.  
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show found in cases w/significant air-trapping, such as COPD and with Pneumothorx.  
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-tones Percussion-Dull   show
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-tones Percussion-Flat   show
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show 60-100 bpm  
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show >100 bpm associated w/ Hypoxemia - pt. need more O2.  
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Pulse-Bradycardia   show
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Pulse-Pulses Paradoxus   show
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show Should be @least 5ml/kg otherwise pt. needs ventilatory assistance.  
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show Should be @least 10ml/kg otherwise pt. needs ventilatory assistance.  
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Ventilation-Maximum Inspiratory pressure(MIP/MIF/NIP/NIF)   show
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Tracheal Palpation-Deviation toward the problem   show
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Tracheal Palpation-Deviation away the problem   show
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Blood Pressure-Acceptable range   show
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show Associated w/shock/ significant fluid loss and dehydration.  
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Blood Pressure - Increased   show
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show Normal- S1 and S2. Abnormal- S3 and S4 indicates cardiac dysfunction-ECG is indicated.  
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show 1. Diagnosis 2. Chief complaint 3. objective information(signs) 4. subjective information(symptoms)  
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Patient History: Patient Medical Record - Occupational exposure   show
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show pack years = # of yrs. X # of pack/day smoked. 1. Cigars 2. Injuries 3. Current vital signs&medication 4. current repiratory care orders 5. Progress notes.  
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show 1.Orientation-name,place,day,language 2.Resp. ability-Dsypnea present&Orthopnea 3.Emotional State a)angry-electrolyte imbalance b)panic-hypoxemia,asthma,pneumothorax c)Euphoria-ingestional error(drug overdose) 4.Social Support System 5.Proper ques. tech.  
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show 1. Home environment 2. Current care plan 3. pain location, quality and persistance 4. triggers to dyspnea 5. family medical history  
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show Computer Manages polarity(+ve/-ve) of each electrode. Helps in tracing hearts electro physiology  
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show A lead may be an individual electrode or a a line of electricity between 2 electrodes. There are total of 12 electrodes.  
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show V1-intercostal space, rt. Of sternum. V2-intercostal space just lft. Of sternum. V3- is b/w V2 &V4. V4- 5th-intercostal space in the lft. Of mid-clavicular line. V5- b/w V4 & V6. V6-intercostal space in the lft. Of mid-axillary line.  
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show LeadI- Left arm to rt. Arm. LeadII-left leg to rt. Arm. LeadIIIleft leg to left arm. - AVR-rt. Arm. AVL-left arm. AVF-left leg.  
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show All precordial leads are positive.  
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show leads involving 2 electrodes, one must be +ve & other -ve. GUIDELINES:1.(Looking @ pt.), electrode most right is +ve. 2. electrode most downward is +ve. 3. Of lead I,right arm -ve,left arm +ve. 4.Of lead II,right arm -ve,left leg +ve.  
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies-Interpretations- 5 Rate Definition   show
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show Normal. All the bumps (PQRST)are there especially the P wave.  
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms- Sinus Tachycardia   show
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms- Sinus Bradycardia   show
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms- Premature ventricular contraction(PVC)   show
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show 1. confirm in 2 chest leads. 2. Do not defibrilliate. 3. Treated w/ chest compression, epinephrine and atropine  
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms-Ventricular Fibrillation(v-fib)   show
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms- Ventricular tachycardia(V-tach)   show
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show 1. The distance between the beginning of the P-wave to the beginning of the QRS-complex (P-R interval) is greater>.20 secs. 2. Caused by ischemia/digitalis. 3. Treated w/ Atropine.  
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show 1. Normal P-wave. 2. Missing QRS-comples. 3. Irregular rhythm. Treated w/ Atropine and electrical pacemaker is made ready.  
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show 1. PR interval cannot be determined. 2. QRS is widened. 3. cannot identify waves consistently. 4. Pt. needs a pacemaker.  
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show 1.It is the angle in which electricity flows to the heart. 2. It flows down and to the left. 2.It only deviates from the normal for 2 reasons: a. Hypertrophy and b. Infarction.  
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show 1. It means size of the heart has increased. Therefore will require more electricity and slower conductivity. 2.Usually to the left is the axis deviation direction as seen in the CHF.  
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Axis -Infarction   show
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show 1. Myocardial Ischemia. 2. Myocardial Injury. 3. Myocardial Infarction.  
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show 1. Lack of O2 to the cardiac Muscle. 2. T-wave is depressed and will show a -ve deflection.  
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show 1. Damage of cardiac tissues -is in the dying stage. 2. S-T waves will be elevated or spiked from the baseline.  
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Myocardinal Infarction   show
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show 1. Maximum volume a patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation 2. It is to measure restrictive lung disease.  
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PFT:Forced Vital Capacity(FVC)   show
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show 1. Relates to muscle endurance & general function. 2. it is the max. amount of gas that pt. moves in & out of the lungs in 12-15 secs. 3. but this is not a good test bcoz it is difficult to get adequate cooperation.  
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PFT:Flow-volume Loop(FVL)   show
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show 1.PURPOSE to determine FRC&RV 2.procedure involves breathing 100% O2 while exhaled nitrogen is analyzed until depleted then a calculation is made to project lung volume.3.He&N analyzer must be caliberated. He should read 0% caliberated to room air.  
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PFT:Gas Distribution(SBN2)   show
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show 1. measures FRC & total thoracic gas volume(TLC). 2. replaces He&N dilution methods 3. also measures RAW  
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PFT:Diffusion studies(DLCO/DCO)   show
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show 1. determines ability to provoke bronchoconstriction.  
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show 1. needed to determine effectiveness of bronchodilator medications & help determine dosage. 2. Helpful in determining reversibility of bronchoconstriction.  
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show Study shows change in ventilation as a response to increases CO2 while keeping PaO2 steady.  
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show 1. FEV1/FVC - If less than 75% then pt. is Obstructive. If FV1/FVC is not available then check or FEV1 by itself and if FEV1- less than 80% then pt. is obstructive too.  
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Restrictive Impairment   show
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Diffusion impaired Vs Normal Diffusion   show
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show 1.Normal-80%. 2. Mild-60-80%. 3. Moderate-40-60%. 4. Severe- <40% .  
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show Best Test = Highest (FEV1 + FVC)  
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Spirometer   show
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show C BABE-1.Cystic Fibrosis 2. Bronchiectasis 3. Asthma 4. Bronchitis 5. Emphysema  
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show Emphysema  
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Hemodynamics   show
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Anatomy of Circulatory system   show
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show 120/80 mmHg(mean-93 mmHg)  
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show Mean BP =((1 x systolic) + (2 x diastolic)) / 3  
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show 1. Heart 2. Blood 3. Vessels  
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show CVP:2-6 mmHg(mean 4-12 cmH2O) PAP:25/8mmHg(mean-14 mmHg) 3. PCWP:4-12 mmHg(normal 8 mmHg) 4. CO:4-8 L/min 5. Stroke Volume(SV):60-130mL 6. Ejection Fraction: 65-75% 7. Cardiac Index(CI):2.5-4.0m2  
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Central Venous Pressure(CVP)   show
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show 1. Right Atrial Pressure 2. Right side preload 3. Right ventricular filling presure 4. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure 5. ALL descriptions use the word RIGHT for CVP.  
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Pulmonary Artery Pressure(PAP)   show
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Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure(PCWP)   show
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Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure(PCWP): Other Names   show
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show 1.expressed as vol. than pressure. 2.also expressed by Cardiac index CI=QT/BSA 3.relates condition of Lft.ventricle 4.measured by a computer thru thermal dilution. 5.calculated by Fick eq.& SV*HR. if QT is decreased - treat w/cardiac medications-Digitalis  
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Hemodynamic measurements are taken from various ports in a catheter that is inserted via   show
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show ((MAP-CVP)/QT) x 80, normal: 1600 dynes/sec/cm-5  
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show ((Mean PAP-PCWP)/QT) x 80, normal: 200 dynes/sec/cm-5  
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Echocardiogram: Adults   show
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Echocardiogram:Infants   show
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show 1. Transpostion of the Great Vessels 2. Tetralogy of Fallot 3. Atrial septal defect (ASD) & Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 4. Patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) 5. Coarctation of the aorta.  
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ECG Technology   show
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ECG Indications   show
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Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring: Acceptable Range, define Increased ICP   show
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Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring: Technology   show
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Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring: Treatment & Prevention   show
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Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring: Causes of increased ICP   show
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show Determines electrical activity of the brain  
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show 1. sleep disorders 2. Evaluate for epilepsy 3. Determine degree of retradation 4. Unexplain loss of brain function 5. head trauma.  
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show 1.Useful in diagonising pulmonary embolism 2.definitive than V/Q Scan but expensive. 3.it involves injecting a contrasting solution thru a catheter into pulmonary artery. Pt. is monitored radiologically&areas of good, poor&absent blood flow are identified  
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Assessment of the Newborn upon Birth & Routine : APGAR   show
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Assessment of the Newborn upon Birth & Routine : APGAR Scoring   show
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show 1. Normal Pulse:110-160bpm. 2. >170-tachycardia-give O2 3. Pulse can be taken brachially or femorally(not radially). 4. Any Cardiopulmonary challenge will cause will cause an increase in infant's heart rate (not an increase in contractility).  
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show 1.Range:30-60/min. 2. Normal Apnea:10 secs. 3. Acceptable Apnea:lasting 10-20 4. if apnea > 20 secs, infant needs further investigation & apnea monitoring  
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show 1. Normal : 60/40 mmHg. 2. Pre-term infants: 55/33 mmHg  
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Assessment of the Newborn upon Birth & Routine : Routine Assessment: Vital Signs - Temperature   show
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Newborn Medical History : Perinatal History   show
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show 1. Term infant-38-42 weeks. 2. pre-term infant-<38 weeks. 3. post-term infant->42 weeks.  
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Newborn Medical History : Birth Rate   show
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Newborn Physical Assessment : Color   show
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show sign of ventilatory distress 1)Retractions: a)Intercostal b)Subcostal c)Substernal d)Supraclavicular 2)Grunting:upon exhalation causes natural PEEP. 3) Nasal Flaring  
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show Increased refill times indicates problems with cardiac output.  
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show Normal PaO2:50-80 mmHg. 2)done conservatively because infant's blood is scarce  
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show If PaO2 from right radial artery(pre-ductal) & umbilical artery(post-ductal) is greater>15mmHg then infant is +ve for PDA then send to surgery for correction.  
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show Range- greater>30mg/dL 2)for pre-term infants Range:greater>20mg/dL  
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Newborn Lab Assessment : Lenithin/Sphinogomyelin(L/S Ratio)   show
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show accurate lung maturity even in the presence of diabetes.  
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Newborn Lab Assessment : Phosphatydlchloride (PC Level)   show
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