Lindsey Jones 1B- Patient Data
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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VD/VT | show 🗑
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show | (FIO2*7) – (PaCO2 +10)
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A-a Gradient (A-aDO2) | show 🗑
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show | (Hb*1.34*SaO2) + (PaO2 * .003), range 17-20%
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show | (Hb*1.34*SvO2) + (PvO2 * .003), range 12-16%
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Arterial-Venous Oxygen content difference, C(a-v)O2 | show 🗑
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Shunt Equation , QS/QT | show 🗑
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Fick Equation for Cardiac Output (QT) | show 🗑
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show | CO / BSA, RANGE 2.5 - 4 L/m/m2
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Types of Chest X-rays : AP(Anterior to posterior) | show 🗑
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show | most often done standing
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show | Helps to visualize the lungs as a 3-dimensional body
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Types of Chest X-rays : Lateral decubitus | show 🗑
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Types of Chest X-rays : Oblique | show 🗑
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Neck X-rays : Lateral Neck | show 🗑
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show | 1. Use a A-P chest radiograph. 2. Determined by radio-opaque line on the ET tube. 3. End of line should be 2cm above the carina (or 1 inch)
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show | should be in the pleural space
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show | 1)tip should rest in the right atrium or vena cava 2)distal end in the pulmonary artery, not wedged(i.e. balloon not inflamed.)
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Placement X-rays : Nasogastric tube positioning | show 🗑
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show | 1. Bilateral radiolucency 2. sharp costophrenic angles 3. Hemi-diaphragms dome shaped, right higher than left 4. Trachea is midline
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show | Pneumothroax, hemotorax, significant atelectasis
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Radiological Description : Obliterated costophrenic angles-Associated Problem | show 🗑
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show | COPD, significant air trapping
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show | Normal
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Radiological Description : Fluffy infiltrates-Associated Problem | show 🗑
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show | Pulmonary embolus
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show | Pneumonia
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show | Pulmonary edema
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Radiological Description : Plate like or patchy infiltrates-Associated Problem | show 🗑
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Radiological Description : Ground glass or Honeycomb pattern- Associated Problem | show 🗑
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Radiological Description : Reticulongranular pattern | show 🗑
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show | pleural effusion
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show | 1.Perfusion- abnormal when blood flow around the alveoli is hindered.2. Ventilation-abnormal/missing gas flow in areas of the lungs. Xenon gas is used to monitor gas flow. - V/Q is associated w/ pulmonary emboli.
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Diagnostic Radiology : Computed Tomography CT / CAT | show 🗑
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Diagnostic Radiology : Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | show 🗑
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Diagnostic Radiology : Bronchogram | show 🗑
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Diagnostic Radiology : Barium Swallow | show 🗑
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K+ Potassium | show 🗑
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Na+ Sodium Major: | show 🗑
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show | Major: Extracellular Anion. Normal: 80-100 mEq/L range HYPERchloremia: (Metabolic ACIDOSIS ) Hypochloremia: (Metabolic alkalosis)
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show | Changes in Total CO2 content reflect changes in blood base. Normal: 22-26 mEq/L range HIGH HCO3- (Metabolic ALKALOSIS) Low HCO3- (Metablolic acidosis)
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show | 1. Both indicates kidney function. 2. Ceratine is more accurate than BUN. 3.Acceptable range- 8-25 mg/dl. 4. Acceptable range- 0.7-1.3 mg/dl.
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Coagulation Studies : Platelet count | show 🗑
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Coagulation Studies : PT (Prothrombin time) | show 🗑
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show | APTT done when pt. taking Heparin therapy. PTT Normal Value (12-15 secs.)
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Complete Blood Count(CBC) : Hb | show 🗑
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show | 1. cells that carry Hb. 2.Acceptable range-4-6 mill/cu mm.
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show | 1.Range 5000-10000/cu mm.(higher indicates infection-txt. antibiotics)2. Types:Neutrophils A)Bands4%-increased w/bacterial infection. B)Segs60%-decreases w/bacterial infection.C)Esinophills2%-causes asthma yellow sputum. D)Monocytes-elevation causes TB.
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Transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2 monitoring | show 🗑
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show | 1. Helpful in checking urinary tract infections. 2. Useful when suspecting diabetes (check ketones in blood).
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Sputum:Gram stain | show 🗑
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show | Identifies the actual organism.
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show | Identifies the organism-killing antibiotics.
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show | Used to detect the organism associated w/ TB (mycobacterium TB)
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Sputum: clear | show 🗑
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Sputum: White or mucoid | show 🗑
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Sputum: Yellow | show 🗑
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show | stagnant sputum- Bronchiectasis, pseudomonas.
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show | Hemoptysis - bleeding, TB.
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show | old blood.
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Sputum: Pink frothy | show 🗑
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Ventilation : Definition | show 🗑
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show | 1. Chest movement 2. RR & depth 3. Vt 4. Breath Sounds
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show | 1. Intercostal & Sternal retractions - associated with upper airway obstruction 2. Accessory muscle use.
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show | PaCO2 level
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Oxygenation : Definition | show 🗑
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show | 1. Color 2. HR(Tachycardia is poor oxygenation) 3. Mental Status(confused, stuporous) 4. Sensorium
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show | 1. Oxygen saturation 2. PaO2(blood gas)
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Circulation: signs | show 🗑
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show | 1. BP 2. Sensorium 3. Urine Output (best indicator of perfusion)
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show | Hemodynamics
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Visual Inspection : General Appearance | show 🗑
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show | Hypoxemia.
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Visual Inspection : Color - ashen/pallor | show 🗑
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Visual Inspection : Color- jaundice | show 🗑
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show | redness, infection and inflammation.
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Visual Inspection : Color -normal, good color | show 🗑
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show | seen in pt. with COPD or chronic air-trapping such as cystic fibrosis.
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show | curvature of the spine. Kyposis is hunchback. Scoliosis curvature. PFT will show restrictive component.
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern- Eupnea | show 🗑
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show | RR over >20 bpm
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern: Bradypnea | show 🗑
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show | Increased RR,depth and regular rhythm. Associated w/ metabolic disorders.
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show | cessation of breathing.
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern: Kussmaul breathing | show 🗑
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern: Biots breathing | show 🗑
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Visual Inspection : respiratory rate and pattern: cheyne-stokes | show 🗑
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Visual Inspection : Acessory muscle use - normal muscles | show 🗑
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show | 1. Intercostals 2. scalene. 3. Sternocleidomastoid 4. Oblique, rectus abdomial muscles.
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Visual Inspection : Nasal flaring | show 🗑
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show | 1. strenght of cough effort. 2. frequency. 3. Productive or not:> a. Blood(hemoptysis)-TB. B. Dry or non-productive- Lung cancer/foreign body. Yellow sputum-infection.
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show | 1. COPD. 2. Flail chest(broken ribs. 3. Pneumothorax. 4. ET tube advanced too far into one lung. 5. Significant atelectasis.
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show | 1. Thorax moves out on inspiration. 2. Abdomen moves out on inspiration.
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Visual Inspection: Digital clubbing | show 🗑
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show | 1. Veins of the neck protrude during breathing. 2. Associated w/CHF and COPD.
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Visual Inspection: Diaphoresis(Heavy sweating) | show 🗑
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show | 1. Found in extremities esp. in the lower legs. 2. Associated w/CHF and any fluid-shift disease.
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show | 1. It is caused by Bronchoconstriction. 2. Bilateral wheeze is treated w/ a bronchodilator. 3. Unilateral wheeze could be caused by a foreign body obstructiob or a bronchial mass as seen w/ lung cancer and treat w/ bronchoscope.
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show | 1. secretions in the large airways. 2. Often remedied by suctioning.
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show | 1. Secretions in the middle-sized airways. 2.Treated w/ CPT including postural drainage. 3. Fine crackles/rales indicates atelectasis- treat w/ hyperinflation therapy.
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show | 1. Upper airway obstruction. 2. Possible foreign body aspiration. 3. If mild- Treat w/cool mist and hydration. 4. If moderate-treat w/racemic epinephrine. 4. If severe-intubate the pt. 5. If foreign body-perform bronchoscopy. Croup and epiglottis occurs.
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show | 1. Indicates decresed air movement in the area. 2. Egophony- associated w/consolidation of secretions such as Pneumonia. 3. Bronchophony-Indicates consolidation. Whispered pectoriloquy is similar.
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Bedside Assessment :Adventious(abnormal) Breath Sounds-friction rub | show 🗑
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Vesicular | show 🗑
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show | Done by tapping the knuckles while placed over the thorax.
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show | normal lungs.
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show | found in cases w/significant air-trapping, such as COPD and with Pneumothorx.
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-tones Percussion-Dull | show 🗑
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-tones Percussion-Flat | show 🗑
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show | 60-100 bpm
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show | >100 bpm associated w/ Hypoxemia - pt. need more O2.
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Pulse-Bradycardia | show 🗑
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Pulse-Pulses Paradoxus | show 🗑
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show | Should be @least 5ml/kg otherwise pt. needs ventilatory assistance.
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show | Should be @least 10ml/kg otherwise pt. needs ventilatory assistance.
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Ventilation-Maximum Inspiratory pressure(MIP/MIF/NIP/NIF) | show 🗑
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Tracheal Palpation-Deviation toward the problem | show 🗑
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Tracheal Palpation-Deviation away the problem | show 🗑
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Blood Pressure-Acceptable range | show 🗑
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show | Associated w/shock/ significant fluid loss and dehydration.
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Bedside Assessment : Breath Sounds-Blood Pressure - Increased | show 🗑
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show | Normal- S1 and S2. Abnormal- S3 and S4 indicates cardiac dysfunction-ECG is indicated.
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show | 1. Diagnosis 2. Chief complaint 3. objective information(signs) 4. subjective information(symptoms)
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Patient History: Patient Medical Record - Occupational exposure | show 🗑
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show | pack years = # of yrs. X # of pack/day smoked. 1. Cigars 2. Injuries 3. Current vital signs&medication 4. current repiratory care orders 5. Progress notes.
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show | 1.Orientation-name,place,day,language 2.Resp. ability-Dsypnea present&Orthopnea 3.Emotional State a)angry-electrolyte imbalance b)panic-hypoxemia,asthma,pneumothorax c)Euphoria-ingestional error(drug overdose) 4.Social Support System 5.Proper ques. tech.
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show | 1. Home environment 2. Current care plan 3. pain location, quality and persistance 4. triggers to dyspnea 5. family medical history
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show | Computer Manages polarity(+ve/-ve) of each electrode. Helps in tracing hearts electro physiology
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show | A lead may be an individual electrode or a a line of electricity between 2 electrodes. There are total of 12 electrodes.
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show | V1-intercostal space, rt. Of sternum. V2-intercostal space just lft. Of sternum. V3- is b/w V2 &V4. V4- 5th-intercostal space in the lft. Of mid-clavicular line. V5- b/w V4 & V6. V6-intercostal space in the lft. Of mid-axillary line.
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show | LeadI- Left arm to rt. Arm. LeadII-left leg to rt. Arm. LeadIIIleft leg to left arm. - AVR-rt. Arm. AVL-left arm. AVF-left leg.
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show | All precordial leads are positive.
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show | leads involving 2 electrodes, one must be +ve & other -ve. GUIDELINES:1.(Looking @ pt.), electrode most right is +ve. 2. electrode most downward is +ve. 3. Of lead I,right arm -ve,left arm +ve. 4.Of lead II,right arm -ve,left leg +ve.
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies-Interpretations- 5 Rate Definition | show 🗑
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show | Normal. All the bumps (PQRST)are there especially the P wave.
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms- Sinus Tachycardia | show 🗑
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms- Sinus Bradycardia | show 🗑
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms- Premature ventricular contraction(PVC) | show 🗑
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show | 1. confirm in 2 chest leads. 2. Do not defibrilliate. 3. Treated w/ chest compression, epinephrine and atropine
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms-Ventricular Fibrillation(v-fib) | show 🗑
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Rhythms- Ventricular tachycardia(V-tach) | show 🗑
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show | 1. The distance between the beginning of the P-wave to the beginning of the QRS-complex (P-R interval) is greater>.20 secs. 2. Caused by ischemia/digitalis. 3. Treated w/ Atropine.
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show | 1. Normal P-wave. 2. Missing QRS-comples. 3. Irregular rhythm. Treated w/ Atropine and electrical pacemaker is made ready.
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show | 1. PR interval cannot be determined. 2. QRS is widened. 3. cannot identify waves consistently. 4. Pt. needs a pacemaker.
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show | 1.It is the angle in which electricity flows to the heart. 2. It flows down and to the left. 2.It only deviates from the normal for 2 reasons: a. Hypertrophy and b. Infarction.
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show | 1. It means size of the heart has increased. Therefore will require more electricity and slower conductivity. 2.Usually to the left is the axis deviation direction as seen in the CHF.
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Axis -Infarction | show 🗑
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show | 1. Myocardial Ischemia. 2. Myocardial Injury. 3. Myocardial Infarction.
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show | 1. Lack of O2 to the cardiac Muscle. 2. T-wave is depressed and will show a -ve deflection.
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show | 1. Damage of cardiac tissues -is in the dying stage. 2. S-T waves will be elevated or spiked from the baseline.
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ECG/EKG : recording equipment & supplies- Myocardinal Infarction | show 🗑
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show | 1. Maximum volume a patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation 2. It is to measure restrictive lung disease.
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PFT:Forced Vital Capacity(FVC) | show 🗑
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show | 1. Relates to muscle endurance & general function. 2. it is the max. amount of gas that pt. moves in & out of the lungs in 12-15 secs. 3. but this is not a good test bcoz it is difficult to get adequate cooperation.
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PFT:Flow-volume Loop(FVL) | show 🗑
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show | 1.PURPOSE to determine FRC&RV 2.procedure involves breathing 100% O2 while exhaled nitrogen is analyzed until depleted then a calculation is made to project lung volume.3.He&N analyzer must be caliberated. He should read 0% caliberated to room air.
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PFT:Gas Distribution(SBN2) | show 🗑
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show | 1. measures FRC & total thoracic gas volume(TLC). 2. replaces He&N dilution methods 3. also measures RAW
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PFT:Diffusion studies(DLCO/DCO) | show 🗑
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show | 1. determines ability to provoke bronchoconstriction.
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show | 1. needed to determine effectiveness of bronchodilator medications & help determine dosage. 2. Helpful in determining reversibility of bronchoconstriction.
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show | Study shows change in ventilation as a response to increases CO2 while keeping PaO2 steady.
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show | 1. FEV1/FVC - If less than 75% then pt. is Obstructive. If FV1/FVC is not available then check or FEV1 by itself and if FEV1- less than 80% then pt. is obstructive too.
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Restrictive Impairment | show 🗑
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Diffusion impaired Vs Normal Diffusion | show 🗑
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show | 1.Normal-80%. 2. Mild-60-80%. 3. Moderate-40-60%. 4. Severe- <40% .
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show | Best Test = Highest (FEV1 + FVC)
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Spirometer | show 🗑
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show | C BABE-1.Cystic Fibrosis 2. Bronchiectasis 3. Asthma 4. Bronchitis 5. Emphysema
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show | Emphysema
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Hemodynamics | show 🗑
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Anatomy of Circulatory system | show 🗑
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show | 120/80 mmHg(mean-93 mmHg)
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show | Mean BP =((1 x systolic) + (2 x diastolic)) / 3
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show | 1. Heart 2. Blood 3. Vessels
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show | CVP:2-6 mmHg(mean 4-12 cmH2O) PAP:25/8mmHg(mean-14 mmHg) 3. PCWP:4-12 mmHg(normal 8 mmHg) 4. CO:4-8 L/min 5. Stroke Volume(SV):60-130mL 6. Ejection Fraction: 65-75% 7. Cardiac Index(CI):2.5-4.0m2
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Central Venous Pressure(CVP) | show 🗑
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show | 1. Right Atrial Pressure 2. Right side preload 3. Right ventricular filling presure 4. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure 5. ALL descriptions use the word RIGHT for CVP.
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Pulmonary Artery Pressure(PAP) | show 🗑
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Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure(PCWP) | show 🗑
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Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure(PCWP): Other Names | show 🗑
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show | 1.expressed as vol. than pressure. 2.also expressed by Cardiac index CI=QT/BSA 3.relates condition of Lft.ventricle 4.measured by a computer thru thermal dilution. 5.calculated by Fick eq.& SV*HR. if QT is decreased - treat w/cardiac medications-Digitalis
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Hemodynamic measurements are taken from various ports in a catheter that is inserted via | show 🗑
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show | ((MAP-CVP)/QT) x 80, normal: 1600 dynes/sec/cm-5
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show | ((Mean PAP-PCWP)/QT) x 80, normal: 200 dynes/sec/cm-5
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Echocardiogram: Adults | show 🗑
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Echocardiogram:Infants | show 🗑
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show | 1. Transpostion of the Great Vessels 2. Tetralogy of Fallot 3. Atrial septal defect (ASD) & Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 4. Patent ductus arteriosis (PDA) 5. Coarctation of the aorta.
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ECG Technology | show 🗑
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ECG Indications | show 🗑
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Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring: Acceptable Range, define Increased ICP | show 🗑
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Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring: Technology | show 🗑
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Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring: Treatment & Prevention | show 🗑
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Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Monitoring: Causes of increased ICP | show 🗑
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show | Determines electrical activity of the brain
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show | 1. sleep disorders 2. Evaluate for epilepsy 3. Determine degree of retradation 4. Unexplain loss of brain function 5. head trauma.
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show | 1.Useful in diagonising pulmonary embolism 2.definitive than V/Q Scan but expensive. 3.it involves injecting a contrasting solution thru a catheter into pulmonary artery. Pt. is monitored radiologically&areas of good, poor&absent blood flow are identified
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Assessment of the Newborn upon Birth & Routine : APGAR | show 🗑
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Assessment of the Newborn upon Birth & Routine : APGAR Scoring | show 🗑
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show | 1. Normal Pulse:110-160bpm. 2. >170-tachycardia-give O2 3. Pulse can be taken brachially or femorally(not radially). 4. Any Cardiopulmonary challenge will cause will cause an increase in infant's heart rate (not an increase in contractility).
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show | 1.Range:30-60/min. 2. Normal Apnea:10 secs. 3. Acceptable Apnea:lasting 10-20 4. if apnea > 20 secs, infant needs further investigation & apnea monitoring
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show | 1. Normal : 60/40 mmHg. 2. Pre-term infants: 55/33 mmHg
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Assessment of the Newborn upon Birth & Routine : Routine Assessment: Vital Signs - Temperature | show 🗑
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Newborn Medical History : Perinatal History | show 🗑
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show | 1. Term infant-38-42 weeks. 2. pre-term infant-<38 weeks. 3. post-term infant->42 weeks.
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Newborn Medical History : Birth Rate | show 🗑
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Newborn Physical Assessment : Color | show 🗑
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show | sign of ventilatory distress 1)Retractions: a)Intercostal b)Subcostal c)Substernal d)Supraclavicular 2)Grunting:upon exhalation causes natural PEEP. 3) Nasal Flaring
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show | Increased refill times indicates problems with cardiac output.
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show | Normal PaO2:50-80 mmHg. 2)done conservatively because infant's blood is scarce
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show | If PaO2 from right radial artery(pre-ductal) & umbilical artery(post-ductal) is greater>15mmHg then infant is +ve for PDA then send to surgery for correction.
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show | Range- greater>30mg/dL 2)for pre-term infants Range:greater>20mg/dL
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Newborn Lab Assessment : Lenithin/Sphinogomyelin(L/S Ratio) | show 🗑
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show | accurate lung maturity even in the presence of diabetes.
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Newborn Lab Assessment : Phosphatydlchloride (PC Level) | show 🗑
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