Ch. 11- Respiratory
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on it to display the answer.
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| The respiratory system | provides oxygen to body cells for energy
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| Respiration | to transport air into the lungs and to facilitate the diffusion of Oxygen into the blood stream.
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| External respiration | movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and movement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs
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| Oxygen is | inhaled into the lungs
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| Oxygen passes | through the alveoli of the lungs into the pulmonary bloodstream
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| Carbon dioxide passes | from the blood through the same capillaries into the lungs and is exhaled
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| Internal respiration | movement of oxygen from the blood to the tissue cells and movement of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to the blood
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| Inhaled oxygen circulates | from the pulmonary bloodstream in the lungs, back through the heart, to the systemic bloodstream, to the body cells
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| The three major parts of the respiratory sytem | the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration.
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| The airway includes | nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
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| The airway | carries air between the lungs and the body’s exterior
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| The entrance to the nose | nostrils or nares
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| Air enters the body | through the nose and mouth
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| The nose | filters & cleans inspired air
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| The nasal cavity is | divided into left and right chambers by a dividing wall called the septum
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| The paranasal sinuses are | hollow areas or cavities within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity
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| Paranasal sinuses are | lined with mucous membranes
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| Cilia are | hair-like projections on mucous membranes
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| The cilia | sweep dirt and foreign material toward throat for elimination
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| The pharynx | airway that connects the mouth and nose to the larynx
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| The throat is the | pharynx
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| Epiglottis | covers the opening of larynx when swallowing
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| Nasopharynx | behind the nose; contains the adenoids
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| Oropharynx | behind the mouth; contains the palatine tonsils
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| Laryngopharynx | behind the larynx
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| Nasopharynx allows for | air passage
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| Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx allow for | air, food, and drink to pass
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| Larynx | contains the vocal cords, which vibrate as air passes through the space between them (glottis), producing sound
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| The Larynx | Connects the pharynx with the trachea
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| Known as the voice box | larynx
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| The larynx | forms the adam's apple
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| The trachea | extends into the chest and serves as a passageway for air to the bronchi
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| The windpipe | trachea
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| Bronchioles | smallest branches of the bronchi
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| Trachea branches into two tubes called | the bronchi
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| The bronchioles | are air sacs
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| The Lungs | two cone-shaped, spongy organs consisting of the alveoli, blood vessels, elastic tissue, and nerves
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| The left lung | has 2 lobes
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| Right Lung | has 3 lobes
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| Apex | uppermost part of lung
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| Base | lower part of lung
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| Hilum | portion in midline region of the lung where blood vessels, nerves, and bronchial tubes enter and exit the lungs
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| Pleura | double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs
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| Parietal Pleura | outer layer of pleura, which lines thoracic cavity
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| Visceral Pleura | inner layer of pleura, which covers lungs
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| Pleural Space | small space between the pleural membranes
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| Inhalation equals | inspiration
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| Eupnea | normal breathing
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| Apnea | without breathing
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| Dyspnea | difficult breathing
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| Inspection | visual examination of the external surface of the body as well as of its movements and posture
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| Palpation | process of examining, by application of the hands or fingers to the external surface of the body, to detect evidence of disease or abnormalities in the various organs
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| Auscultation | process of listening for sounds within the body, usually to the sounds of the thoracic or abdominal viscera, to detect some abnormal condition, or to detect fetal heart sounds
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| Percussion | use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly but sharply to determine the position, size, and consistency of an underlying structure and the presence of fluid or pus in a cavity
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| Bradypnea | abnormally slow breathing
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| Hyperpnea | increased rate & depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain
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| Orthopnea | dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down
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| Cough | Forceful and sometimes violent expiratory effort preceded by a preliminary inspiration
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| Nonproductive cough | dry cough
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| Productive cough | wet cough
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| Cyanosis | slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark discoloration of the skin due to the presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
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| Dysphonia | difficulty in speaking
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| Epistaxis | nosebleed
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| Expectoration | act of spitting out saliva or coughing up materials from the air passageways leading to the lungs
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| Hemoptysis | expectoration of blood arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs
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| Hypercapnia | increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
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| Hypoxemia | Insufficient oxygenation of the blood
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| Hypoxia | Deficiency of oxygen
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| Kussmaul respirations | very deep, gasping type of respiration usually associated with severe diabetic acidosis
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| Rales | abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the chest, produced by passage of air through bronchi that contain secretion or exudate or that are constricted by spasm or a thickening of their walls
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| Pleural Rub | friction rub caused by inflammation of the pleural space; noted on auscultation
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| Rhinorrhea | thin, watery discharge from the nose
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| Rhonchi | rattlings in the throat, produced by the passage of air through obstructed airways
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| Sneeze | expelling air forcibly through the nose and mouth by spasmodic contraction of muscles of expiration due to irritation of nasal mucosa
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| Stridor | harsh sound (usually noted during inhalation); high pitched and resembling the blowing of wind, due to the obstruction of air passages
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| Yawning | Deep, prolonged breath that can be caused by a drop in oxygen levels
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| Pertussis | acute upper respiratory infectious disease, caused by the bacterium Bordetello pertussis
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| Asthma | paroxysmal dyspnea accompanied by wheezing; caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane
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| Emphysema | chronic pulmonary disease characterized by increase beyond the normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, either from dilation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls
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| Influenza | highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract transmitted by airborne droplet infection
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| Pneumothorax | collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity
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| Tuberculosis | infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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| Anthracosis | accumulation of carbon deposits in the lungs due to breathing smoke or coal dust
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| Asbestosis | lung disease resulting from inhalation of asbestos particles, latency may be 20 years or more
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| Byssinosis | lung disease resulting from inhalation of cotton, flax, and hemp
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| Brown lung disease | byssinosis
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| Silicosis | lung disease resulting from inhalation of silica (quartz) dust, may cause secondary emphysema
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| Hypertrophy | Hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart (with or without failure) resulting from disorders of the lungs, pulmonary vessels, or chest wall
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| Pulmonary edema | an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, either in the alveoli or the interstitial spaces
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| Pulmonary embolism | obstruction of one or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus dislodged from another location and carried through the venous system to the pulmonary vessels
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| Pneumonia | inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, and chemical irritants
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| Pleural Effusion | accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, resulting in compression of the underlying portion of the lung, with resultant dyspnea
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| Lung Abscess | localized collection of pus formed by the destruction of lung tissue and microorganisms by leukocytes that have migrated to the area to fight infection
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| Hyaline Membrane Disease | severe impairment of respiration in a premature newborn, also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
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| Empyema | pus in a body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity
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| Pleuritis | inflammation of both the visceral and parietal pleura
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