Skeletal System
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| Hematopoiesis | Blood Cell formation
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| RBC | Red blood cell
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| WBC | White blood cell
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| Collagen | a protein that provides a soft framework
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| Calcium Phosphate | a mineral that adds strength and hardens the framework
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| Cranium | Brain
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| Vertebrae | Spinal Cord
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| Calcium is needed for | Heartbeat, muscle contraction, blood clotting
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| If blood calcium decreases | Calcium is released from bones
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| If blood calcium increases | Excess calcium is stored in the bones
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| Red Bone Marrow | produces blood cells
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| With age, red bone marrow is | largely replaced with yellow marrow
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| Bones have their own system of | blood vessels and nerves
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| Adipose tissue | fat tissue
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| Bones need calcium and phosphorous | to become hard and strong
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| If the body suffers large amounts of blood loss | it can covert yellow marrow into red marrow to make more blood cells
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| Compact Bone | hard, dense layer; makes up outer layer of most bones and the main shaft of long bones
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| Spongy Bone | lighter and less dense than compact bone; consists of small plates of bones
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| 4 types of bones | Long, short, flat, irregular
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| Long bones are | longer than they are wider
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| Short bones are | cubed shape
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| Flat bones are | thin, flattened, and often curved
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| Irregular bones are | primarily spongy
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| Diaphysis | main shaft like portion of a long bone
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| Epiphysis | located at the end of a long bone
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| Diaphysis consists of | compact bone
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| Epiphysis consists of | spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
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| Epiphyseal Line | separates the epiphysis and diaphysis
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| Epiphyseal Line | allows bones to grow lengthwise
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| Medullary Cavity | Space inside the shaft of a long bone
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| Medullary Cavity | in adults contains yellow bone marrow
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| Articular Cartilage | covers the ends of long bones and joint surfaces
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| Articular Cartilage | provides smooth surfaces for movements in the joint
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| Periosteum | Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the long bone
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| Periosteum is needed | for growth and repair
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| Periosteum is supplied | with nerve fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, and osteoblasts
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| Periosteum | is the attachment point for ligaments and tendons
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| Ossificiation | process of bone formation
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| Ossification begins | before birth
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| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells
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| Osteoclasts | digests bone tissue
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| Osteocytes | mature bone cells
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| Bone markings | specific features of bones
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| Sulcus | groove or depression in a bone
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| Concave areas | help form joints and serve as points of attachment for muscle
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| Sinus | opening or hollow space in a bone
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| Fossa | hollow or shallow concave depression in a bone
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| Axial Skeleton | Bones revolved around the vertical axis of the skeleton
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| Axial Skeleton | provides support and protection for the brain, spinal cord, and the organs of the ventral body cavity
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| Axial Skeleton | is a surface for the attachment for the muscles of the head and neck and directs respiratory movements
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| The axial skeleton | consists of 80 bones
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| Cranium | also known as the Skull
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| The cranium | encloses and protects the brain
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| The skull consists of | 22 bones
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| Cranial bones | 8 bones
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| Facial Bones | 14 bones
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| Cranial bones are | attachment site for muscles of the head and neck
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| Facial bones | provide cavities for the sense organs
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| Facial bones | protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts
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| Maxilla | upper jaw bone
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| Mandible | lower jaw bone
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| The mandible | is the only moveable facial bone
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| Hyoid bone | moveable base for the tongue
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| The hyoid bone | connected to the muscles of the jaw, larynx, and tongue
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| Auditory Ossicles | consist of 2 malleus bones, 2 incus bones, and 2 stapes bones
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| The auditory ossicles of the middle ear | transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid filled cochlea
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| Human skeleton consists of | 206 bones
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| Functions of the skeleton system | support, protection, movement, reservoir for storing minerals
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| Vertebral column | consists of 26 vertebrae
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| Intervertebral Disc | cushion of cartilage that lies between each vertebra so they can glide over each other; makes movement smooth and painless
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| Cervical Vertebrae | vertebrae of the neck
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| Thoracic Vertebrae | vertebrae of the chest
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| Lumbar Vertebrae | vertebrae of the lower back
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| C1 | Atlas
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| C2 | Axis
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| T1-T12 | thoracic vertebrae
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| C1-C7 | cervical vertebrae
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| L1-L5 | lumbar vertebrae
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| Sacrum | singular, triangular-shaped bone; composed of 5 individual fused sacral bones
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| Coccyx | tailbone; composed of 4 individual fused coccygeal bones
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| Appendicular Skeleton | consists of 126 bones
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| Upper Extremities consist of | 64 bones
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| Lower Extremities consist of | 62 bones
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| Appendicular Skeleton | forms during the embryonic process of bone formation
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| Thoracic Cage | skeleton of the chest
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| The Thoracic Cage | encloses and protects the heart and lungs; provides support for the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
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| Thoracic Cage | serves as an attachment point for the diaphragm, muscles of the back, chest, neck, and shoulders
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| True Ribs | Pairs 1-7 upper ribs
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| False Ribs | Pairs 8-10, lower ribs
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| Floating Ribs | Pairs 11-12
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| Ribs 1-7 | attach to the sternum in the front and the vertebrae in the back
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| Ribs 8-10 | attach to the vertebrae in the back but attach to cartilage of the 7th rib in the front
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| Ribs 11-12 | attach to vertebrae in the back and completely free of attachment in front
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| Ilium | Upper Hip bones
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| Clavicle | collarbone
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| Scapula | shoulder blade
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| Humerus | Upper Arm bone
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| Radius | Smaller lower arm bone; thumb side
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| Ulna | Larger arm bone; pinky side
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| Carpals | wrist bones
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| Metacarpals | Bones of the hand
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| Phalanges | Finger bones; 3 bones each finger; 2 bones in each thumb
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| Iliac Crest | Upper curved-edge of Ilium
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| Ischium | Lower hip bones; strongest of the pelvic bones
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| Symphysis Pubis | Cartilaginous joint at connection of the two pubic bones
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| Acetabulum | Formed by segments of the ilium, ischium, and pubis; connecting point for the femur and the hip
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| Femur | thigh bone
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| Femur | longest, strongest, heaviest bone in the body
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| Patella | Kneecap
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| Tibia | Inner lower, larger leg bone; shin bone
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| Fibula | Calf bone. smaller lower leg bone
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| Tarsals | Ankle bones
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| Calcaneus | Heel Bone
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| Talus | Foot Bone
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| Metatarsals | Connected to phalanges of the foot
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| Phalanges | Bones of the toes; 3 bones in each toe, except big toe- only 2 bones
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| -luxation | displacement, dislocation
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| ortho- | straight
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| Zygomatic | Cheek bone
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| Sternum | Breastbone
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| Closed fracture | Break in the bone but no open wound in skin
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| Simple fracture is known as | Closed fracture
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| Open Fracture | Break in the bone as well as an open wound in the skin
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| Compound Fracture is known as | Open Fracture
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| Complete Fracture | Break extends through the entire thickness of the bone
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| Incomplete Fracture | One side of bone is broken and one side of bone is bent; not broken
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| Greenstick Fracture is also known as | Incomplete Fracture
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| Kyphosis | Outward curvature of spine
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| Lordosis | Inward curvature of spine
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| Scoliosis | Sideward curvature of spine
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| Compression Fracture | Bone surfaces being forced against each other
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| Impacted Fracture | Direct force causes bone to break and forces broken end of smaller bone into broken end of larger bone
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| Comminuted Fracture | When the break causes the bone to splinter
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| Colles Fracture | Break occurs at lower end of the radius
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| Hairline Fracture | Minor fracture in which the bone continues to be in perfect alignment; aka Stress Fracture
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| Pathological Fracture | Bone is weakened by a preexisting disease; break in response to a force that would not cause a normal bone to break
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| Closed Reduction | Procedure to set (reduce) a broken bone without surgery
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| Open Reduction | Procedure where the fracture is exposed surgically
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Created by:
MsKim6399