Chem 1100 Chapter 2 Vocabulary
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| radioactivity | the spontaneous emission of high-energy radiation and particles by materials
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| cathode ratys | streams of electrons emitted by the cathode in a partially evacuated tube
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| electron | a subatomic particle that has a negative charge and little mass
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| beta (β) particle | a radioactive emission equivalent to a high-energy electron
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| alpha (α) particle | a radioactive emission with a charge of 2+ and a mass equivalent to that of a helium nucleus
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| nucleus | the positively charged center of an atom that contains nearly all the atom's mass
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| proton | a positively charged subatomic particle present in the nucleus of an atom
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| neutron | an electrically neutral (uncharged) subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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| atomic mass unit (amu) | unit used to express the relative masses of atoms and subatomic particles; it is exactly 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon with 5 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus
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| dalton (Da) | a unit of mass identical to 1 atomic mass unit
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| isotopes | atoms of an element containing different numbers of neutrons
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| atomic number (Z) | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| nucleon | either a proton or a neutron in a nucleus
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| mass number (A) | the number of nucleons in an atom
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| periodic table of elements | a chart of the elements arranged in order to their atomic numbers and in a pattern based on their physical and chemical properties
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| nuclide | an atom with particular number of neutrons and protons in its nucleus
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| average atomic mass | a weighted average of the masses of all isotopes of an element, calculated by multiplying the natural abundance of each isotope by its mass in atomic mass units and then summing these products
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| natrual abundance | the proportion of a particular isotope, usually expressed as a percentage, relative to all the isotopes of that element in a natural sample
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| period | a horizontal row in the periodic table
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| group | all the elements in the same column of the periodic table; also called family
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| metals | the elements on the left side of the periodic table that are typically shiny solids that conduct heat and electricity we;; and are malleable and ductile
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| nonmetals | elements with properties opposite those of metals, including poor conductivity of heat and electricity
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| metalloids (aka semimetals) | elements along the border between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table; they have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties
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| main group elements (aka representative elements) | the elemtns in groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18 of the periodic table
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| transition metals | the elements in groups 3 - 12 of the periodic table
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| halogens | the elements in group 17 of the periodic table
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| alkali metals | the elements in group 1 of the periodic table
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| alkaline earth metals | the elements in group 2 of the periodic table
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| noble gases | the elements in group 18 of the periodic table
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| law of multiple proportions | the principle that, when two masses of one element react with a given mass of another element to form two different compounds, the two masses of the first element have a ratio of two small whole numbers
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| molecular compound | a compound composed of molecules that contain the atoms of two or more elements
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| covalent bond | bond between two atoms created by sharing one or more pairs of electrons
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| molecular formula | a notation showing the number and type of atoms present in one molecule of a molecular compound
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| ionic compound | a compound composed of positively and negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic attraction
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| empirical formula | a formula showing the smallest whole-number ratio of the elements in a compound
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| formula unit | the smallest electrically neutral unit of an ionic compound
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| polyatomic ion | a charged group of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds
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| oxoanion | a polyatomic ion that contains oxygen in combination with one or more other elements
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| organic compound | a molecule containing carbon atoms whose structure typically consists of carbon-carbon bonds and carbon=hydrogen bonds, and may include one of more heteroatoms such as O, N, S, P, or the halogens
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| heteroatom | atom of an element other than carbon and hydrogen within a molecule of an organic compound
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| organic chemistry | the study of organic compounds
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| hydrocarbon | an organic compound whose molecules are composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
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| alkane | a hydrocarbon in which all the bonds are single bonds
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| alkene | a hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
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| alkyne | a hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
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| alcohol | an organic compound containing the OH functional group
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| functional group | a group of atoms in the molecular structure of an organic compound that imparts characteristic chemical and physical properties
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| quarks | elementary particles that combine to form neutrons and protons
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| nucleosynthesis | the natural formation of nuclei as a result of fusion and other nuclear processes
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| neutron capture | the absorption of a neutron by a nucleus
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| beta (β) decay | a spontaneous process by which a neutron in a radioactive nuclide is transformed into a proton and emits a high-energy electron (β particle)
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