Chem 1100 Chapter 1 Vocabulary
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| mass | the property that defines the quantity of matter in an object
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| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space
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| chemistry | the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and of the energy consumed or given off when matter undergoes a change
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| substance | matter that has a constant composition and cannot be broken down to simpler matter by any physical process; also called a pure substance
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| physical process | a transformation of a sample of matter, such as a change in its physical state, that does not alter the chemical identity of any substance in the sample
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| element | a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
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| compound | a pure substance that is composed of 2 or more elements bonded together in fixed proportions and that can be broken down into those elements by a chemical reaction
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| chemical reaction | the transformation of one or more substances into different substances
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| mixture | a combination of pure substances in variable proportions in which the individual substances retain their chemical identities and can be separated from one another by a physical process
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| homogeneous mixture | a mixture in which the components are distributed uniformly throughout and have no visible boundaries of regions
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| solution | another name for a homogeneous mixture. Solutions are often liquids, but they may also be solids or gases
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| heterogeneous mixture | a mixture in which the components are not distributed uniformly, so that the mixture contains distinct regions of different compositions
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| atom | the smallest particle of an element that cannot be chemically or mechanically divided into smaller particles
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| molecule | a collection of atoms chemically bonded together in characteristic proportions
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| chemical bond | a force that holds two atoms or ions in a compound together
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| chemical formula | notation for representing elements and compounds; consists of symbols of the constituent elements and subscripts identifying the number of atoms of each element present
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| chemical equation | notation in which chemical formulas express the identities and their coefficients express the quantities of substances involved in a chemical equation
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| energy | the capacity to do work
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| law of constant composition | the principle that all samples of a particular compound contain the same elements combined in the same proportions
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| ion | a particle consisting of one or more atoms that has a net positive or negative electrical charge
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| cation | an ion with a positive charge
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| anion | an ion with a negative charge
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| intensive property | a property that is independent of the amount of substance present
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| extensive property | a property that varies with the quantity of the substance present
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| physical property | a property of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
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| density (d) | the ratio of the mass (m) of an object to its volume (v)
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| chemical property | a property of a substance that can be observed only by reacting it to form another substance
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| solid | a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume
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| liquid | a form of matter that occupies a definite volume but flows to assume the shape of its container
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| gas | a form of matter that has neither definite volume nor shape and that expands to fill its container; also called vapor
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| sublimation | transformation of a solid directly into a vapor (gas)
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| deposition | transformation of a vapor (gas) directly into a solid
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| scientific method | an approach to acquiring knowledge based on observation of phenomena, development of a testable hypothesis, and additional experiments that test the validity of the hypothesis
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| hypothesis | a tentative and testable explanation for an observation or a series of observations
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| scientific theory (model) | a general explanation of a widely observed phenomenon that has been extensively tested and validated
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| meter | standard unit of length, equivalent to 39.37 inches
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| conversion factor | a fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator, even through they are expressed in different units, making the value of the fraction one
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| significant figures | all the certain digits in a measured value plus one estimated digit. the greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty with which the value is known
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| precision | agreement between the results of multiple measurements that were carried out in the same way
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| accuracy | agreement between one or more experimental values and the true value
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| mean (arithmetic mean, x) | an average calculated by summing a set of related values and dividing the sum by the number of values in the set
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| standard deviation (s) | measurement of the amount of variation, or dispersion, in a set of related values
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| confidence interval | a range of values that has a specified probability of containing the true value of a measurement
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| outlier | a data point that is distant from the other observations
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| Grubb's test | a statistical test used to detect an outlier in a set of data
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| kelvin (K) | the SI unit of temperature
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| absolute zero (0 K) | the zero point of the Kelvin temprature scale; theoretically the lowest temperature possible
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