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Particles of Matter
Chem 1100 Chapter 1 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mass | the property that defines the quantity of matter in an object |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| chemistry | the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and of the energy consumed or given off when matter undergoes a change |
| substance | matter that has a constant composition and cannot be broken down to simpler matter by any physical process; also called a pure substance |
| physical process | a transformation of a sample of matter, such as a change in its physical state, that does not alter the chemical identity of any substance in the sample |
| element | a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances |
| compound | a pure substance that is composed of 2 or more elements bonded together in fixed proportions and that can be broken down into those elements by a chemical reaction |
| chemical reaction | the transformation of one or more substances into different substances |
| mixture | a combination of pure substances in variable proportions in which the individual substances retain their chemical identities and can be separated from one another by a physical process |
| homogeneous mixture | a mixture in which the components are distributed uniformly throughout and have no visible boundaries of regions |
| solution | another name for a homogeneous mixture. Solutions are often liquids, but they may also be solids or gases |
| heterogeneous mixture | a mixture in which the components are not distributed uniformly, so that the mixture contains distinct regions of different compositions |
| atom | the smallest particle of an element that cannot be chemically or mechanically divided into smaller particles |
| molecule | a collection of atoms chemically bonded together in characteristic proportions |
| chemical bond | a force that holds two atoms or ions in a compound together |
| chemical formula | notation for representing elements and compounds; consists of symbols of the constituent elements and subscripts identifying the number of atoms of each element present |
| chemical equation | notation in which chemical formulas express the identities and their coefficients express the quantities of substances involved in a chemical equation |
| energy | the capacity to do work |
| law of constant composition | the principle that all samples of a particular compound contain the same elements combined in the same proportions |
| ion | a particle consisting of one or more atoms that has a net positive or negative electrical charge |
| cation | an ion with a positive charge |
| anion | an ion with a negative charge |
| intensive property | a property that is independent of the amount of substance present |
| extensive property | a property that varies with the quantity of the substance present |
| physical property | a property of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance |
| density (d) | the ratio of the mass (m) of an object to its volume (v) |
| chemical property | a property of a substance that can be observed only by reacting it to form another substance |
| solid | a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume |
| liquid | a form of matter that occupies a definite volume but flows to assume the shape of its container |
| gas | a form of matter that has neither definite volume nor shape and that expands to fill its container; also called vapor |
| sublimation | transformation of a solid directly into a vapor (gas) |
| deposition | transformation of a vapor (gas) directly into a solid |
| scientific method | an approach to acquiring knowledge based on observation of phenomena, development of a testable hypothesis, and additional experiments that test the validity of the hypothesis |
| hypothesis | a tentative and testable explanation for an observation or a series of observations |
| scientific theory (model) | a general explanation of a widely observed phenomenon that has been extensively tested and validated |
| meter | standard unit of length, equivalent to 39.37 inches |
| conversion factor | a fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator, even through they are expressed in different units, making the value of the fraction one |
| significant figures | all the certain digits in a measured value plus one estimated digit. the greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty with which the value is known |
| precision | agreement between the results of multiple measurements that were carried out in the same way |
| accuracy | agreement between one or more experimental values and the true value |
| mean (arithmetic mean, x) | an average calculated by summing a set of related values and dividing the sum by the number of values in the set |
| standard deviation (s) | measurement of the amount of variation, or dispersion, in a set of related values |
| confidence interval | a range of values that has a specified probability of containing the true value of a measurement |
| outlier | a data point that is distant from the other observations |
| Grubb's test | a statistical test used to detect an outlier in a set of data |
| kelvin (K) | the SI unit of temperature |
| absolute zero (0 K) | the zero point of the Kelvin temprature scale; theoretically the lowest temperature possible |
Created by:
elizabethcosio
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