Clin Chem Lab Exam
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| The gram molecular weight of a chemical substance expressed in grams | Mol
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| The gram equivalents of solute per liter of a solution is | normality
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| The instrument used to measure changes in %T is | Spectrophotometer
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| Make sure you run your test properly; your test needs to be in standard range | control
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| known amount of analyze; used to set up a curve | Standard
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| CLSI | Clinical laboratory & Standards Institute
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| CLRW | Clinical laboratory reagent water; deionized water
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| Blue chemical label | health hazard
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| Red chemical label | Flammability
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| White chemical label | Special handling
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| Yellow chemical label | Reactivity
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| Mass/weight in a solution | Specific gravity
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| The concentration of solute molecules contributing to osmotic pressure | Osmolality
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| The osmette instrument measure the concentration of _______ using the ________ | Osmotic pressure; freezing point depression
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| Osmolality is expressed in what units? | mOsm/kg H2O
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| ISE | Ion selective electrode
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| What methodology measures cell potential, Cell, under equilibrium conditions | Potentiometry
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| Ecell is described by what equation | Nernst Equation
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| The more concentrated a solution, the ____ the freezing point will be | Lower
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| The rapid cooling of a liquid without crystallization or solidification | Supercooling
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| When water freezes, heat is released at the rate of 80 calories per gram of water | Heat of fusion
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| Hydrophobic, organic ion exchanger that reacts with specific ions | ionophore
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| What does "seeding" mean | time which crystallization is initiated
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| Osmole depresses the freezing point of water by | 1.858 degrees celsius
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| Major cation of extracellular fluid | Sodium
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| VITROS Na+ Slide method contains | methyl monensin
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| VITROS K+ Slides method contains | valinomycin
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| Major anion in the extracellular water space | Chloride
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| Potassium is the major cation of the intracellular fluid | Potassium
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| HCO3- deficit | metabolic acidosis
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| HCO3- excess | metabolic alkalosis
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| Hypoventilation | respiratory acidosis
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| Hyperventilation | Respiratory alkalosis
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| What do we measure in the glucose analysis experiment | NADH (more formed = more glucose)
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| What parameter of serum or plasma is the single most valuable factor in the evaluation of the acid-base status of a patient? | pH
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| What parameter of serum or plasma assesses how well the body eliminates carbon dioxide? | PCO2
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| What parameter of serum or plasma assesses the ability of the body to absorb oxygen? | PO2
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| The pH of the blood is an indicator of the balance of what 3 systems? | buffer (blood), renal (kidney), respiratory (lung)
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| What is the test for arterial perfusion? | Allens test
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| Normal SO2 interval is | 94-98%
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| Amnt of oxyhemoglobin expressed as a fraction of the total hemoglobin | SO2
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| What metabolic disturbance is being presented with a patient with an epileptic seizure | metabolic acidosis; seizure = lactic acid = acidosis
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| What is the allens test | Make fist, press on brachial artery, open fist, release artery; time it takes for skin to turn from white to pink
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| What is the major end product of protein nitrogen metabolism in humans | urea
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| As NADH is cover to NAD, do we see an increase or decrease in absorbance | decrease
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| What is the high energy storage compound giving the body the ability to generate ATP | creatine phosphate
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| Which 3 organs synthesize creatine | kidney, liver and pancreas
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| Creatinine is used to assess | renal function
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| The normal range for BUN is | 7-20 mg/dL
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| Which analyze is most constant in blood | creatinine
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| Free creatine is proportional to | muscle mass
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| The "classic" test for creatinine uses alkaline picrate and is called | the Jaffee reaction
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| BUN test principle | Enzyme test
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| Circulating levels of urea depend on | protein intake, protein catabolism and kidney function
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| Jaffee reaction produces what color | orange
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| Creatinine test principle | Kinetic method
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| Normal range of creatinine | 0.6-1.2 males; 0.5-1.1 mg/dl females
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| What is the benzelthonium chloride used as in the micro protein testing experiment | Protein denaturing reagent
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| What method did we use in the micro protein testing experiment | Turbidometric
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| What structure acts as a filter, not allowing large proteins to pass into the renal tubules, but allowing small/intermediate proteins through | Glomeruli
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| How much protein would be found in a 24 hour urine protein analysis in a patient with normal kidney function | <150 mg/day
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| Where are the bulk of proteins synthesized | liver
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| What is the term given to proteins meaning they have both acid and basic groups | amiphoteric
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| In electrophoresis systems, the mobility of the molecules is a function of | pH
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| Why would you have decreased alpha2, beta and y proteins in serum with nephrotic syndrome | They're lost in the urine due to increased permeability of the nephron
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| What gives Biuret reagent its blue color | cupric ions
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| What determines the intensity of the purple color in the Biuret reaction | how many peptide linkages are available
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| State the protein fractions in order from anode to cathode | albumin, alpha1, alpha2, beta, y
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| Decreased levels of serum protein can suggest problems in what 2 organs | kidney and liver
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| Increased levels of total protein can signify | dehydration, multiple myeloma, and chronic liver disease
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| Functions of major proteins | Carrier, infection defense, reserve for AA's, osmotic pressure, pH balance
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| The isoelectric point means | no charge
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| In electrophoresis, do smaller molecules travel faster or slower | faster
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| 90% of unconjugated bilirubin is bound, picked up and transported to the liver by what? | Albumin
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| Total bilirubin = | indirect + direct
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| The classic bilirubin reaction is the | diazo reaction
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| In an acid or neutral pH what is the color of the diazo reaction | pink
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| What is the purpose of a solubilizing reagent for the bilirubin diazo reaction | solubilizes albumin bound bilirubin
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| Bilirubin is a biproduct of | heme breakdown
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| In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated to what | glucoronic acid
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| A rise of direct bilirubin is an indication of what disease process | Obstructive jaundice
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| A rise in indirect bilirubin is an indication of what disease process | Hemolytic anemias
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| A rise in total bilirubin is an indication of what disease process | Hepatitis
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| Why is it important to monitor neonate bilirubin levels | To prevent kernicterus; unconjugated bilirubin builds up and affects the brain
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| Do you need an accelerating reagent for indirect or direct bilirubin testing | indirect
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| What are the 3 fractions of total calcium in the serum | ionized, bound (to albumin), complexed (other ions)
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| 45% of calcium is bound to the carrier protein | albumin
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| 45% of calcium is free or | ionized
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| a normal total calcium for someone my age is | 8.6-10 mg/dL
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| Since ionized calcium values vary inversely with pH, why are normal values based on a pH of 7.4 | The calcium is in the blood and the pH of the blood is 7.4
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| Why can't you use glass containers, test tubes when doing calcium analyses | glass contains calcium in the silica
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| Why is it best to used new test tubes for calcium analyses | tap water and soap contain calcium
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| What percent of calcium is stored in the bones | 99%
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| Calcium complexes with what to produced a purple color in calcium analyses | Arsenazo III
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| Why is there a correction formula to "adjust" the calcium levels in calcium analyses | low concentrations of albumin in the blood
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| Amount of enzyme that will catalyze the transformation of 1 mol of substrate under standard conditions | U
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| What does alpha-amylase do | hydrolyzes starch into smaller portions
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| What organ does alpha-amylase come from | pancreas
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| Give a two word definition of an enzyme | biological catalyst
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| Which enzyme works on the basis of electron transfer (oxidation reduction reactions) | oxidioreductase
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| Which enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a group (amino group) | transferase
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| Which enzyme catalyzes a cleavage with the addition of water | hydrolases
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| Which enzyme hydrolyzes by elimination with the formation of a double bond | lyases
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| Which enzyme promotes a geometric change | isomerase
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| Which enzyme needs ATP for synthesis | ligase
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| What are the 3 phases of enzyme measurement | lag, linear, substrate depletion
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| Does alpha-amylase have an exocrine function or an endocrine function | Exocrine
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| What substrate does alpha-amylase utilize | complex carbs (CNPG3)
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| A 2 hour PP test stresses the system with | a defined glucose load
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| What condition is screened with a 2 hour PP test | gestational diabetes
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| How many grams of glucose are given with an oral glucose tolerance test | 100g
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| Where in the red cell does glycosylation occur | hemoglobin
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| Glycoslated hemoglobin allows a look at glucose levels in the blood over what period of time | 4 months
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| The level of HgA1c is proportional to what 2 things | the amount of glucose the RBC's come into contact with and the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin
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| How are various forms of hemoglobin separated for analysis | chromatography
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| What do you do for a GTT (oral glucose tolerance test) | Fasting, drink/ eat glucose, draw blood at half hour and every hour after that up to 5 hours
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| Are the enzymes of metabolism tissue specific or plasma specific | tissue
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| What does AST stand for | Aspartate amino transferase
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| What is the old term for AST | SGOT; serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
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| What type of enzyme is AST | transferase
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| Name 3 organs where you might find the highest levels of AST | kidney, heart, liver
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| What is being transferred in the cardiac enzymes analysis with AST | amino group
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| What type of enzymatic reaction is occurring in the second stage of the cardiac enzymes analysis with AST | redox rxn
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| What is the solution to substrate depletion | dilute enzyme
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| At what temperature do enzymes of metabolism work most effciently | 37 degrees celsius
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| How many fatty acids are attached to a triglyceride molecule | 3
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| Which type of enzymatic reaction occurs with the conversion of triglyceride to glycerol and FFA, and also the conversion of esterfied cholesterol to free cholesterol and FFA | hydrolase
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| What is the advantage of having a cholesterol esterified? | allows more cholesterol to transported in the lipoprotein
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| Which lipid determination is most affected by recent fat consumption | triglyceride
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| What can cholesterol determinations assess? | liver function, biliary function, intestinal absorption, CAD, thyroid function, adrenal disease
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| Name factors that can affect normal cholesterol levels | stress, age, pregnancy, gender and hormone balance
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| A total cholesterol is the sum of the cholesterol carried by all the | lipoprotiens
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| most cholesterol is carried by | LDL
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| To determine the HDL fraction, what is used to get rid of LDL and VLDL interference | magnesium ions and dextran sulfate
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| What organ is involved with lipoprotein assembly and disassembly | liver
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| What is the healthy amount of total cholesterol | <200mg/dL
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| Transports iron | transferrin
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| Storage iron | ferritin
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| Iron bound to transferrin | serum iron
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| Decrease in serum iron means | Iron deficiency anemia and chronic inflammatory conditions
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| Increase in serum iron means | hemochromatosis, acute hepatitis, iron poisoning
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| What is TIBC | Total iron binding capacity
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| What is SIBC | saturated iron binding capacity (iron bound to transferrin)
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| What is UIBC | unsaturated iron binding capacity (available sites)
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| TIBC = | SIBC + UIBC
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| What do you need for a total serum iron | acidic medium --> dissociates to Fe3+ then reduction by hydroxyl amine hydrochloride --> Fe2+ add ferrozine = purple color
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| UIBC analyses |
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| What % of a transferrin molecule is bound with iron at any given time | 20-50%
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