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Clin Chem Lab Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The gram molecular weight of a chemical substance expressed in grams | Mol |
| The gram equivalents of solute per liter of a solution is | normality |
| The instrument used to measure changes in %T is | Spectrophotometer |
| Make sure you run your test properly; your test needs to be in standard range | control |
| known amount of analyze; used to set up a curve | Standard |
| CLSI | Clinical laboratory & Standards Institute |
| CLRW | Clinical laboratory reagent water; deionized water |
| Blue chemical label | health hazard |
| Red chemical label | Flammability |
| White chemical label | Special handling |
| Yellow chemical label | Reactivity |
| Mass/weight in a solution | Specific gravity |
| The concentration of solute molecules contributing to osmotic pressure | Osmolality |
| The osmette instrument measure the concentration of _______ using the ________ | Osmotic pressure; freezing point depression |
| Osmolality is expressed in what units? | mOsm/kg H2O |
| ISE | Ion selective electrode |
| What methodology measures cell potential, Cell, under equilibrium conditions | Potentiometry |
| Ecell is described by what equation | Nernst Equation |
| The more concentrated a solution, the ____ the freezing point will be | Lower |
| The rapid cooling of a liquid without crystallization or solidification | Supercooling |
| When water freezes, heat is released at the rate of 80 calories per gram of water | Heat of fusion |
| Hydrophobic, organic ion exchanger that reacts with specific ions | ionophore |
| What does "seeding" mean | time which crystallization is initiated |
| Osmole depresses the freezing point of water by | 1.858 degrees celsius |
| Major cation of extracellular fluid | Sodium |
| VITROS Na+ Slide method contains | methyl monensin |
| VITROS K+ Slides method contains | valinomycin |
| Major anion in the extracellular water space | Chloride |
| Potassium is the major cation of the intracellular fluid | Potassium |
| HCO3- deficit | metabolic acidosis |
| HCO3- excess | metabolic alkalosis |
| Hypoventilation | respiratory acidosis |
| Hyperventilation | Respiratory alkalosis |
| What do we measure in the glucose analysis experiment | NADH (more formed = more glucose) |
| What parameter of serum or plasma is the single most valuable factor in the evaluation of the acid-base status of a patient? | pH |
| What parameter of serum or plasma assesses how well the body eliminates carbon dioxide? | PCO2 |
| What parameter of serum or plasma assesses the ability of the body to absorb oxygen? | PO2 |
| The pH of the blood is an indicator of the balance of what 3 systems? | buffer (blood), renal (kidney), respiratory (lung) |
| What is the test for arterial perfusion? | Allens test |
| Normal SO2 interval is | 94-98% |
| Amnt of oxyhemoglobin expressed as a fraction of the total hemoglobin | SO2 |
| What metabolic disturbance is being presented with a patient with an epileptic seizure | metabolic acidosis; seizure = lactic acid = acidosis |
| What is the allens test | Make fist, press on brachial artery, open fist, release artery; time it takes for skin to turn from white to pink |
| What is the major end product of protein nitrogen metabolism in humans | urea |
| As NADH is cover to NAD, do we see an increase or decrease in absorbance | decrease |
| What is the high energy storage compound giving the body the ability to generate ATP | creatine phosphate |
| Which 3 organs synthesize creatine | kidney, liver and pancreas |
| Creatinine is used to assess | renal function |
| The normal range for BUN is | 7-20 mg/dL |
| Which analyze is most constant in blood | creatinine |
| Free creatine is proportional to | muscle mass |
| The "classic" test for creatinine uses alkaline picrate and is called | the Jaffee reaction |
| BUN test principle | Enzyme test |
| Circulating levels of urea depend on | protein intake, protein catabolism and kidney function |
| Jaffee reaction produces what color | orange |
| Creatinine test principle | Kinetic method |
| Normal range of creatinine | 0.6-1.2 males; 0.5-1.1 mg/dl females |
| What is the benzelthonium chloride used as in the micro protein testing experiment | Protein denaturing reagent |
| What method did we use in the micro protein testing experiment | Turbidometric |
| What structure acts as a filter, not allowing large proteins to pass into the renal tubules, but allowing small/intermediate proteins through | Glomeruli |
| How much protein would be found in a 24 hour urine protein analysis in a patient with normal kidney function | <150 mg/day |
| Where are the bulk of proteins synthesized | liver |
| What is the term given to proteins meaning they have both acid and basic groups | amiphoteric |
| In electrophoresis systems, the mobility of the molecules is a function of | pH |
| Why would you have decreased alpha2, beta and y proteins in serum with nephrotic syndrome | They're lost in the urine due to increased permeability of the nephron |
| What gives Biuret reagent its blue color | cupric ions |
| What determines the intensity of the purple color in the Biuret reaction | how many peptide linkages are available |
| State the protein fractions in order from anode to cathode | albumin, alpha1, alpha2, beta, y |
| Decreased levels of serum protein can suggest problems in what 2 organs | kidney and liver |
| Increased levels of total protein can signify | dehydration, multiple myeloma, and chronic liver disease |
| Functions of major proteins | Carrier, infection defense, reserve for AA's, osmotic pressure, pH balance |
| The isoelectric point means | no charge |
| In electrophoresis, do smaller molecules travel faster or slower | faster |
| 90% of unconjugated bilirubin is bound, picked up and transported to the liver by what? | Albumin |
| Total bilirubin = | indirect + direct |
| The classic bilirubin reaction is the | diazo reaction |
| In an acid or neutral pH what is the color of the diazo reaction | pink |
| What is the purpose of a solubilizing reagent for the bilirubin diazo reaction | solubilizes albumin bound bilirubin |
| Bilirubin is a biproduct of | heme breakdown |
| In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated to what | glucoronic acid |
| A rise of direct bilirubin is an indication of what disease process | Obstructive jaundice |
| A rise in indirect bilirubin is an indication of what disease process | Hemolytic anemias |
| A rise in total bilirubin is an indication of what disease process | Hepatitis |
| Why is it important to monitor neonate bilirubin levels | To prevent kernicterus; unconjugated bilirubin builds up and affects the brain |
| Do you need an accelerating reagent for indirect or direct bilirubin testing | indirect |
| What are the 3 fractions of total calcium in the serum | ionized, bound (to albumin), complexed (other ions) |
| 45% of calcium is bound to the carrier protein | albumin |
| 45% of calcium is free or | ionized |
| a normal total calcium for someone my age is | 8.6-10 mg/dL |
| Since ionized calcium values vary inversely with pH, why are normal values based on a pH of 7.4 | The calcium is in the blood and the pH of the blood is 7.4 |
| Why can't you use glass containers, test tubes when doing calcium analyses | glass contains calcium in the silica |
| Why is it best to used new test tubes for calcium analyses | tap water and soap contain calcium |
| What percent of calcium is stored in the bones | 99% |
| Calcium complexes with what to produced a purple color in calcium analyses | Arsenazo III |
| Why is there a correction formula to "adjust" the calcium levels in calcium analyses | low concentrations of albumin in the blood |
| Amount of enzyme that will catalyze the transformation of 1 mol of substrate under standard conditions | U |
| What does alpha-amylase do | hydrolyzes starch into smaller portions |
| What organ does alpha-amylase come from | pancreas |
| Give a two word definition of an enzyme | biological catalyst |
| Which enzyme works on the basis of electron transfer (oxidation reduction reactions) | oxidioreductase |
| Which enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a group (amino group) | transferase |
| Which enzyme catalyzes a cleavage with the addition of water | hydrolases |
| Which enzyme hydrolyzes by elimination with the formation of a double bond | lyases |
| Which enzyme promotes a geometric change | isomerase |
| Which enzyme needs ATP for synthesis | ligase |
| What are the 3 phases of enzyme measurement | lag, linear, substrate depletion |
| Does alpha-amylase have an exocrine function or an endocrine function | Exocrine |
| What substrate does alpha-amylase utilize | complex carbs (CNPG3) |
| A 2 hour PP test stresses the system with | a defined glucose load |
| What condition is screened with a 2 hour PP test | gestational diabetes |
| How many grams of glucose are given with an oral glucose tolerance test | 100g |
| Where in the red cell does glycosylation occur | hemoglobin |
| Glycoslated hemoglobin allows a look at glucose levels in the blood over what period of time | 4 months |
| The level of HgA1c is proportional to what 2 things | the amount of glucose the RBC's come into contact with and the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin |
| How are various forms of hemoglobin separated for analysis | chromatography |
| What do you do for a GTT (oral glucose tolerance test) | Fasting, drink/ eat glucose, draw blood at half hour and every hour after that up to 5 hours |
| Are the enzymes of metabolism tissue specific or plasma specific | tissue |
| What does AST stand for | Aspartate amino transferase |
| What is the old term for AST | SGOT; serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase |
| What type of enzyme is AST | transferase |
| Name 3 organs where you might find the highest levels of AST | kidney, heart, liver |
| What is being transferred in the cardiac enzymes analysis with AST | amino group |
| What type of enzymatic reaction is occurring in the second stage of the cardiac enzymes analysis with AST | redox rxn |
| What is the solution to substrate depletion | dilute enzyme |
| At what temperature do enzymes of metabolism work most effciently | 37 degrees celsius |
| How many fatty acids are attached to a triglyceride molecule | 3 |
| Which type of enzymatic reaction occurs with the conversion of triglyceride to glycerol and FFA, and also the conversion of esterfied cholesterol to free cholesterol and FFA | hydrolase |
| What is the advantage of having a cholesterol esterified? | allows more cholesterol to transported in the lipoprotein |
| Which lipid determination is most affected by recent fat consumption | triglyceride |
| What can cholesterol determinations assess? | liver function, biliary function, intestinal absorption, CAD, thyroid function, adrenal disease |
| Name factors that can affect normal cholesterol levels | stress, age, pregnancy, gender and hormone balance |
| A total cholesterol is the sum of the cholesterol carried by all the | lipoprotiens |
| most cholesterol is carried by | LDL |
| To determine the HDL fraction, what is used to get rid of LDL and VLDL interference | magnesium ions and dextran sulfate |
| What organ is involved with lipoprotein assembly and disassembly | liver |
| What is the healthy amount of total cholesterol | <200mg/dL |
| Transports iron | transferrin |
| Storage iron | ferritin |
| Iron bound to transferrin | serum iron |
| Decrease in serum iron means | Iron deficiency anemia and chronic inflammatory conditions |
| Increase in serum iron means | hemochromatosis, acute hepatitis, iron poisoning |
| What is TIBC | Total iron binding capacity |
| What is SIBC | saturated iron binding capacity (iron bound to transferrin) |
| What is UIBC | unsaturated iron binding capacity (available sites) |
| TIBC = | SIBC + UIBC |
| What do you need for a total serum iron | acidic medium --> dissociates to Fe3+ then reduction by hydroxyl amine hydrochloride --> Fe2+ add ferrozine = purple color |
| UIBC analyses | |
| What % of a transferrin molecule is bound with iron at any given time | 20-50% |
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