Chem 105 Final
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| endothermic processes | fusion (melting), vapourization, sublimation
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| exothermic processes | freezing, condensation, deposition
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| What are the rate factors? | surface area, temperature, concentration, catalysis
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| How does surface area affect rate? | more area for reactions to occur
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| How does temperature affect rate? | increase in temperature increases the amount of collisions
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| How does concentration affect rate? | more atoms ion an area, more collision
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| How does catalysis affect rate? | increases reaction rate, isnt consumed
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| What is Le Chatelier's Principle? |
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| What are Arrhenius acids? | give off H+ in water
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| What are Arrhenius bases? | give off OH- in water
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| What are Lewis Acids? | e- pair acceptor
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| What are Lewis Bases? | e- pair donor
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| What are BL acids? | donate H+
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| What are BL Bases? | accept H+
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| What are conjugate species? |
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| What are amphiprotic species? | can be acidic or basic
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| What is the common ion effect? |
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| What is an anode? | loses e-
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| What is a cathode? | gains e-
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| what is a voltaic cell? | devices that use spontaneous redox reactions to produce electricity.
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| What is Entropy(S)? |
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| What is an ionic solid? | metal and nonmetal
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| What is a metal solid? | metal and metal
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| What is a covalent-network (molecular) solid? | non-metal and non-metal
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| What are the types of metal structures? | bcc, fcc/ccp, hcp
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| What is alloy substitutional |
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| What is interstiual? |
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| What is heterogenous(multiphase)? |
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| What is intermetallic compound? | strict ratio, jet engine
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| What are examples of ionic solids? | CsCl, NaCl, ZnS.
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| What is the cn of CsCl? | 8
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| What is the cn of NaCl? | 6
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| What is the cn of ZnS? | 4
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| What are examples of covalent solids? | ice, quartz, diamond, graphite, (semiconductors-metalloids)
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| What are the 4 kinds of nuclear decay? | alpha particle and beta particle emission, electron capture emission and positron emission
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| What is nuclear transmutation? | conversion of stable nuclei into other nuclei
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| What does amphiprotic mean? examples? | compounds that can act as either acids of a base. eg. water, H2SO4, HCO3.
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| what are the strong acids? | HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4
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| what are the strong bases? | NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH2), Sr(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2
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| what are the neutral ions? | Na+, K+, Ca, Sr, Ba, Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3, ClO4
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| cation is ___ | acidic
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| anion is ____ | basic
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| for ionic salts mp decreases as | radius increases
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| Sgas increases by increasing | pressure
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| Ssolid increases by increasing | temperature
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| change of n | c+d-a-b
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| Ssalt decreases if | a common ion is in solution (moves toward left when adding new common ion)
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| Ssalt with a basic anion increases as pH | decreases (more acidic)
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| Ssalt with an acidic anion increases as pH | increases (more basic)
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| Ssalt with acidic cations and basic anions increases as pH | increases and decreases
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| half reactions the number of electrons must | cancel
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| steps to balance half reactions | 1. balance elements
2. balance O by water
3. balance H by H+
4. balace charge by e-
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| What type of properties are voltages? | intensive like density
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| What voltage is a lead acid battery | 12V,
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| What is a primary cell? | non-rechargeable. Alkaline (1.5 V)
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| What is a secondary cell? | rechargeable, lithium battery (3.7V)
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| thermodynamics? | study of transformations of energy
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| S translational | g-high, l-low, solid-none
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| S rot | g-medium, l-low, solid-none
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| Svib | g-low, l-low, solid-low
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| Stotal | g-high, l-low, solid-very low
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| If H is neg, S positive | sponatneous at all T
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| H pos, S neg | not spont at any T
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| H pos, S pos | spontaneous if T>h/s
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| H neg, S neg | spontaneous if T<h/s
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| metals are: | shiny, crystalline, feel cold, high electrical conductivity, are maluable, and ductile
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| What are the three common atomic arrangements? | bcc, fcc/ccp, hcp
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| What is an alloy? | a metal containing more than one element
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| What are the alloy categories by structure? | substiutional alloy, interstitial alloy, heterogeneous alloy, and intermetallic compound alloy
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| be able to draw alloy categories |
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| What are ionic salts | stacked arrays of ions (can be atomic or molecular) just have to have a charge
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| What are the ionic salt structures? | CsCl (8), NaCl(6), ZnS (4)
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| What and how semiconductors? | Si, Ge, GaN, GaHs. 4 coordinate diamond (ZnS). valence not localized-slightly metallic
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| what is a polymer? | a 1D covalent-network solid made by covalently bonding monomers.
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| What are the synthetic polymers(plastics)? | polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride
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| natural polymers | wool, rubber, silk, leather, cellulose
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| what are nucleons? | protons, and neutrons
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| what is a nuclide? | nucleus with a specific composition
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| what is redioactivity? | the spontaneous loss of matter/energy by materials having suitable atomic isotopes, unstable nuclides
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| what is nuclear transmutaion? | conversion of stable nuclei into other nuclei
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| what is the heaviest element made? | Oganesson
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| what is the SI unit of radioactiviy? | Bq
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| What are radiotracers? | readioisotopes used to trace the path of elements, especially in biological samples.
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| What is used for PET scans? | F-18
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| What is used in other imaging (heart, l) | Technecium-99
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| Why does nuclear reaction give off so much energy? | that mass is lost/gained , mass lost is converted to energy
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| esothermic reactions are usually: | fission and fusion
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| What is fission | splitting of heavy nuclei
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| What is fusion? | merging of light nuclei
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| What is ionizing radiation? | alpha and beta
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| what is radon? | radioactive noble gas wich collects in basements
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