Myers 7th Edition - Chapter 08 Vocabulary
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| LEARNING | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
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| ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
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| CLASSICAL CONDITIONING | A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the UCS. Also called Pavlovian conditioning.
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| BEHAVIORISM | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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| UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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| UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response.
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| CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR) | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS).
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| CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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| ACQUISITION | The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengtehing of a reinforced response.
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| EXTINCTION | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
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| SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY | The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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| GENERALIZATION | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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| DISCRIMINATION | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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| OPERANT CONDITIONING | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminshed if followed by a punisher.
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| RESPONDENT BEHAVIOR | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.
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| OPERANT BEHAVIOR | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
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| LAW OF EFFECT | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
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| OPERANT CHAMBER (SKINNER BOX) | A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
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| SHAPING | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
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| REINFORCER | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
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| PRIMARY REINFORCER | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
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| CONDITIONED REINFORCER | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.
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| CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
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| PARTIAL (INTERMITTENT) REINFORCEMENT | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
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| FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULE | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
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| VARIABLE-RATIO SCHEDULE | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
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| FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULE | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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| VARIABLE-INTERVAL SCHEDULE | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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| PUNISHMENT | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
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| COGNITIVE MAP | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
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| LATENT LEARNING | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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| OVERJUSTIFICATION EFFECT | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see this reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.
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| INTRINSIC MOTIVATION | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
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| EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
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| OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING | Learning by observing others.
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| MODELING | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
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| MIRROR NEURONS | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
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| PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
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