Personality Psychology
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| Personality | show 🗑
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| Sigmund Freud | show 🗑
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| Free Association | show 🗑
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| Psychoanalysis | show 🗑
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| show | According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
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| show | Forgotten memories that we can easily recall.
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| Manifest Content | show 🗑
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| Latent Content | show 🗑
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| show | The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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| show | The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.
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| Reality Principle | show 🗑
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| show | A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual aggressive drives.
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| Pleasure Principle | show 🗑
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| Psychosexual Stages | show 🗑
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| Erogenous Zone | show 🗑
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| show | Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing.
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| Anal Stage | show 🗑
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| Phallic Stage | show 🗑
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| show | Dormant sexual feelings.
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| show | Maturation of sexual interests
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| show | During the phallic stage, a boy’s unconscious sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. Boy’s fear of castration is closely associated with the Oedipus Complex.
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| show | During the phallic stage, girls experience unconscious sexual desires toward their fathers.
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| show | The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos. A boy’s identification with his father during the phallic stage, illustrates the process of conflict resolution.
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| Fixation | show 🗑
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| Defense Mechanisms | show 🗑
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| Repression | show 🗑
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| Regression | show 🗑
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| Projection | show 🗑
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| show | Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person.
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| Denial | show 🗑
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| Reaction Formation | show 🗑
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| Rationalization | show 🗑
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| show | The transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations.
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| Psychodynamic Theories | show 🗑
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| Alfred Adler | show 🗑
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| show | A Neo-Freudian that emphasized that childhood anxiety is caused by a sense of helplessness.
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| Neo-Freudians | show 🗑
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| show | A shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history.
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| Carl Jung | show 🗑
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| show | A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.
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| show | A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
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| show | The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 meaningless inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
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| Criticisms of Psychoanalysis | show 🗑
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| show | View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy growth potential. It emphasized the importance of self-determination and self-realization.
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| show | According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. The motivation to fulfill one’s potential.
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| show | A sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling one’s own potential for growth and self-actualization.
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| show | Especially likely to be open and spontaneous. Least likely to experience defensive self-esteem. Least likely to be highly conforming.
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| show | Emphasized that an individual’s personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic.
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| Unconditional Positive Regard | show 🗑
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| show | All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?” Rogers suggested that self-concept is a central feature of personality. When the ideal and real self are nearly alike, then the self-concept is positive.
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| Criticisms of Humanistic Theories | show 🗑
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| show | A characteristic pattern of behaviour or a disposition to feel and act (conscious motives), as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
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| Trait Theory | show 🗑
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| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator | show 🗑
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| Factor Analysis | show 🗑
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| Hans and Sybil Eysenck | show 🗑
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| show | The impact of biologically inherited temperaments on
personality. A frontal lobe area involved in restraining behaviour is less active in extraverts than introverts. Personality differences
among birds are genetically inherited.
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| Personality Inventory | show 🗑
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| Empirically Derived Test | show 🗑
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| show | The most widely researched and clinically
used of all personality tests. It is an empirically derived, objective test. Originally developed to identify emotional
disorders , this test is now used for other screening purposes.
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| show | The tendency to accept favourable descriptions of one’s personality that could really be applied to anyone. As personality descriptions become more positive, it becomes stronger illustrating the self-serving bias.
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| show | In some ways each of us is just like everyone else.
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| Big Five | show 🗑
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| Person-Situation Controversy | show 🗑
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| show | People’s scores on an extraversion test do not neatly predict how sociable they will be on any given occasion. Questions the validity of personality test scores. Underestimates the variability of behaviour from situation to situation.
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| Walter Mischel | show 🗑
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| show | Views behaviour as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
Developed by Albert Bandura. The personality assessments used are observing and evaluating.
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| Behavioural Approach (Personality) | show 🗑
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| show | The interacting influences of behaviour, internal cognition, and environment. Involves multidirectional influences among behaviours, internal personal factors, and environmental events.
An external locus of control refers to a cognitive factor.
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| Biopsychosocial Approach (Personality) | show 🗑
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| show | Students who perceive that their low test scores due to their own lack of ability illustrates pessimistic attribution. The immune system is likely to be dampened by pessimism.
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| show | The trait of optimism is most closely related to a strong sense of personal control. Excessive self-confidence is especially likely to be facilitated by the difficulty in recognizing one’s own incompetence.
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| Positive Psychology | show 🗑
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| show | The best way to predict a person’s future behaviour is to observe that person’s behaviour in various relevant situations. The best way to predict a person’s performance is to assess past performance in situations involving similar responsibilities.
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| Criticisms of Social-Cognitive Perspective | show 🗑
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| show | In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Out motivation to achieve success and avoid failure is most directly influenced by our possible selves.
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| show | Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).
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| show | One’s feelings of high or low self-worth.
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| Self-Efficacy | show 🗑
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| show | Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to work persistently at difficult tasks. People with high self-esteem are less likely than those with low self-esteem to succumb to conformity pressures.
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| Low Self-Esteem | show 🗑
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| show | A readiness to perceive oneself favourably. Associated with high-self esteem. The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one’s successes than for one’s failures best illustrates self-serving bias.
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| show | Excessive self-love and self-absorption. Exaggerated feelings of self-importance. Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today’s new generation as Generation Me because it expresses more narcissism
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| Defensive Self-Esteem | show 🗑
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| show | Accepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others.
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| show | Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. Emphasize independence. Innovation and creativity, religious and ethnic diversity.
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| Collectivism | show 🗑
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| show | Japanese students are more likely than American student to describe themselves in terms of social identity. American students are more likely than Japanese students to describe themselves in terms of academic abilities and personality traits.
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Created by:
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