Celebration #4
Help!
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| DNA stands for | deoxyribonucleic acid
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| what make us a nucleotide | phosphate group, nitrogen base, and a sugar
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| Deoxyribose is | 5 carbon sugars
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| what are the nitrogen bases | Adenine-Thymine
Cytosine-guanine
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| What shape is DNA | double helix shape
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| the shape was credited to.. | watson and cricket
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| the original founder of the shape was | Rosalind Franklin
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| Rosalind provided the data and pictures using a | X-ray Crystallography
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| ---- ---- hold together base pairs (A-T, C-G) | Hydrogen bonds
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| ---- are negatively charged | phosphate
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| these bonds hold the negative charges together | hydrogen bonds
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| why is DNA in this organelle | DNA is in the nucleus for more protection since the nucleus has an extra membrane
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| this process produces more chromosomes | mitosis
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| a ---- is larger than a nucleotide | chromosome
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| a segment of DNA is called | Genes
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| What kind of info does DNA contain | coding fro the appearance and function of an organism
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| some DNA code for | proteins
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| Where is DNA located and within what | DNA is located within genes in the nucleus
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| this does not undergo mitosis in DNA | chromatin
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| DNA is tightly wound by | histone proteins
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| DNA replicates using a | semi conservative model, where the parental strand is the new template
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| how much DNA came from the original strand that was replicated | one half
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| How do nucleotide know where to go | they know based on the original code
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| DNA replication happens before what | before the cell divides in the nucleus
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| we need these to live | proteins
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| what functions do proteins perform | they make amino acids, digest waste, any enzyme activity, ATP synthase manufactures ATP, make you able to have adrenaline rushes, hemoglycogen carries oxygen, and transports things in and out of the cell
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| proteins are located where | cell, nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane
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| proteins are synthesized from | amino acids that are folded
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| proteins are the end result of what | transcription and translation of info from DNA
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| these proteins fight of antigens | antibodies
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| these proteins help muscles to contract allowing for locomotion | actin and myosin
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| these enzymes assist with DNA replication of pepsin | helicase DNA polymerase and ligase
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| this is used to digest proteins | pepsin
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| transcription happens in | DNA
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| this unwinds DNA double helix | RNA polymerase
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| this transcribes info from DNA | RNA
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| these bases from mRNA bonds to the bases in the DNA | nitrogen
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| why does mRNA bond with DNA | to read and the write down the info
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| transcription occurs in the | nucleus
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| during this process mRNA carries the transcribed message to a ribosome in the cytoplasm | translation
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| these that have rRNA in them help to bring together mRNA and tRNA | ribosomes
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| mRNA --- bond to transfer RNA anti--- | codons
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| mRNA codons bond to transfer RNA anticodons is so the tRNA can translate the message into an | amino acid
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| codons are | segments of 3 nucleotide
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| ---- codons code for ---- amino acids | different
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| amino acids are folded to form | proteins
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| --- codons from mRNA can produce 20 different amino acids | 64
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| UGA tells the code to | stop
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| Amino acids are held together by -- bonds | peptide
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| amino acids that are held together form | polypeptide chains
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| proteins are folded based on | where they will be sent
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| what is the order which proteins will be folded | primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatermary
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| these assist in the folding of other proteins | chaperon proteins
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| if they don't get folded right what happens | they don't work which means you won't work
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| At the end of the chromosomes are stretches of DNA called | telomeres
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| what does telomeres do | protect out genetic data, make it possible for cells to divide, hold secrets of how we age and get cancer
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| telomere like chromosomes from | fraying and sticking to each other, which would destroy or scramble and organism genetic info
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| each time a cell divides the telomere gets ----, when it gets too ----- the cell can't divide | shorter
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| the shortening process of telomeres is linked with | aging, cancer, and higher risk of death
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| sequence of DNA chains of chemical code, made up of the 4 nucleic bases | telemeres
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| telomeres are made of repeating sequences of | TTAGGG on one strand which is paired with AATCCC on another
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| one section of telomere is a repeat made of | 6 base pairs
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| In white blood cells the length of telmeres range from --- pairs in newborns, ---- in adults, and ---- in elderly | 8000, 3000, 1500
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| An entire chromosome has about -- --- base pairs | 150 million
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| Each times a cell loses about --- to --- base pairs | 30 to 200
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| telomeres do not shorten in | tissues
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| telomeres allows a cell to divide without | losing genes
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| cell division is necessary for growing | new skin, blood, bone and other cells
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| without telomeres the chromosomes would ---- | fuse together and corrupt the cell's genetic blueprint
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| why do telomeres get shorter | When each new matching strand is complete, it is a bit shorter than the original strand because of the room needed at the end for this small piece of RNA.
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| An enzyme named---- adds bases to the ends of telomeres. | telomerase
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| ------ keeps telomeres from wearing down too much so there is soon no more to use | telomerase
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| ---- remains active in sperm and eggs | telomerase
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| If a cell becomes cancerous it --- ---- ---- , and the telomeres become to short, so either the cell dies or hacks the system and makes more telomerase enzyme | divides more often
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| ---- ---- may be a way to detect cancer | measuring telomerase
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| ----- telomerase could impair fertility , wound healing, and production of blood cells and immune system cells | blocking
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| ------ telomeres are associated with ---- lives | shorter
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| After age -- the risk of death doubles every 8 years | 60
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| A major cause of aging is | oxidative stress
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| is the damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids caused by oxidants, which are highly reactive substances containing oxygen | oxidative stress
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| another cause of aging is | glycation
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| this happens when glucose binds to some of our DNA, proteins, and lipids, leaving the unable to do theirs jobs | glycation
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| oxidative stress, glycation, telomere shortening, and chronological age along with various genes all work together to cause | aging
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| People with a disease named ----- ---- have telomeres that get short much more quickly than normal. | dyskeratosis congenita
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| people with dyskeratosis congenita endure | premature aging and death
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| About 1% of your DNA contains the information that codes for this process | protein synthesis
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| This is the sugar in RNA | ribose
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| This is a process that proteins on a membrane assist with | facilitated diffusion
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Created by:
lauren7838