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Memory

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Term
Definition
show The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.  
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show The processing of information into the memory system – for example, by extracting meaning.  
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Storage   show
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Retrieval   show
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show The automatic processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. The brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.  
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Connectionism   show
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Sensory Memory   show
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Short-Term Memory   show
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Long-Term Memory   show
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Working Memory   show
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Automatic Processing   show
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Effortful Processing   show
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show A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. A photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.  
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show A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds.  
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Haptic Memory   show
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show By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters for only one-twentieth of a second, demonstrated that people have iconic memory. Research participants had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.  
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Peterson and Peterson Study   show
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show Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially combined with semantic encoding.  
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Mnemonics   show
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show Items to be remembered are pegged to, or associated with, certain images in a prearranged order.  
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show Organizing items into familiar, meaningful units; often occurs automatically.  
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Acronym   show
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show Composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts or facts.  
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show The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. Massed practice (cramming) can only produce speedy short-term learning.  
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Testing Effect   show
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Shallow Processing   show
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Deep Processing   show
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Self-Reference Effect   show
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Semantic Encoding   show
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Craik and Tulving Study   show
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show A neural center located in the limbic system. Processes explicit memories for storage. Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus. Memories are not permanently stored in the hippocampus.  
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Infantile Amnesia   show
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Hippocampus and Stress   show
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Cerebellum and Memory   show
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show Facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex, but do not send information back to the cortex for conscious awareness of procedural learning.  
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show Stress hormones provoke the amygdala to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia. Emotions can sear certain events into the brain while disrupting memory for neutral events.  
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show A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Facilitated by the body’s release of stress hormones. Misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.  
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show A form of physical or chemical change in the nervous system. Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve synaptic changes.  
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show The increase in a neuron’s synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation. An effect of long-term potentiation is that a receiving neuron’s receptor sites may increase.  
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Recall   show
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Recognition   show
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show A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. Makes retrieval easier and improves the strength of memories. The speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible.  
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Rehearsal   show
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Herman Ebbinghaus   show
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Ebbinghaus Retention Curve   show
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show Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past. Retrieval cues facilitate the process of priming. Memories are primed by retrieval cues.  
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Priming   show
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show We recall learning best if tested in the same environment.  
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show Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as when the memory was formed.  
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show The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.  
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show The tendency to immediately recall the first (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list better than the middle items. Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the serial position effect.  
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show The increased ability to recall the first items among a list of items. Occurs because there is more time for rehearsal and more time to relate the piece of information to something meaningful.  
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Recency Effect   show
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Anterograde Amnesia   show
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show The inability to remember events in one’s life which occurred prior to a brain injury.  
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Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve   show
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Retroactive Interference   show
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Proactive Interference   show
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Interference and Sleep   show
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show Knowledge or skills about a previous topic help students learn a new topic.  
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show People may forget unwanted memories, either consciously or unconsciously.  
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Repression   show
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Memory Construction   show
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show Refers to the incorporation of misleading information into one’s memory of an event. The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of memory construction.  
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show Imagining an event which never happened can increase confidence that it actually occurred.  
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show The inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining factual knowledge.  
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Deja Vu   show
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Misinformation Effect and Children   show
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