Memory
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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show | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
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show | The processing of information into the memory system – for example, by extracting meaning.
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Storage | show 🗑
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Retrieval | show 🗑
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show | The automatic processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. The brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
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Connectionism | show 🗑
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Sensory Memory | show 🗑
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Short-Term Memory | show 🗑
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Long-Term Memory | show 🗑
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Working Memory | show 🗑
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Automatic Processing | show 🗑
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Effortful Processing | show 🗑
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show | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. A photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
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show | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds.
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Haptic Memory | show 🗑
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show | By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters for only one-twentieth of a second, demonstrated that people have iconic memory. Research participants had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.
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Peterson and Peterson Study | show 🗑
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show | Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially combined with semantic encoding.
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Mnemonics | show 🗑
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show | Items to be remembered are pegged to, or associated with, certain images in a prearranged order.
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show | Organizing items into familiar, meaningful units; often occurs automatically.
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Acronym | show 🗑
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show | Composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts or facts.
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show | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. Massed practice (cramming) can only produce speedy short-term learning.
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Testing Effect | show 🗑
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Shallow Processing | show 🗑
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Deep Processing | show 🗑
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Self-Reference Effect | show 🗑
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Semantic Encoding | show 🗑
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Craik and Tulving Study | show 🗑
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show | A neural center located in the limbic system. Processes explicit memories for storage. Verbal information is stored in the left hippocampus and visual designs are stored in the right hippocampus. Memories are not permanently stored in the hippocampus.
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Infantile Amnesia | show 🗑
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Hippocampus and Stress | show 🗑
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Cerebellum and Memory | show 🗑
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show | Facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex, but do not send information back to the cortex for conscious awareness of procedural learning.
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show | Stress hormones provoke the amygdala to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia. Emotions can sear certain events into the brain while disrupting memory for neutral events.
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show | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Facilitated by the body’s release of stress hormones. Misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.
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show | A form of physical or chemical change in the nervous system. Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve synaptic changes.
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show | The increase in a neuron’s synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation. An effect of long-term potentiation is that a receiving neuron’s receptor sites may increase.
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Recall | show 🗑
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Recognition | show 🗑
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show | A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. Makes retrieval easier and improves the strength of memories. The speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible.
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Rehearsal | show 🗑
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Herman Ebbinghaus | show 🗑
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Ebbinghaus Retention Curve | show 🗑
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show | Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past. Retrieval cues facilitate the process of priming. Memories are primed by retrieval cues.
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Priming | show 🗑
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show | We recall learning best if tested in the same environment.
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show | Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as when the memory was formed.
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show | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
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show | The tendency to immediately recall the first (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list better than the middle items. Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the serial position effect.
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show | The increased ability to recall the first items among a list of items.
Occurs because there is more time for rehearsal and more time to relate the piece of information to something meaningful.
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Recency Effect | show 🗑
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Anterograde Amnesia | show 🗑
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show | The inability to remember events in one’s life which occurred prior to a brain injury.
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Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve | show 🗑
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Retroactive Interference | show 🗑
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Proactive Interference | show 🗑
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Interference and Sleep | show 🗑
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show | Knowledge or skills about a previous topic help students learn a new topic.
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show | People may forget unwanted memories, either consciously or unconsciously.
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Repression | show 🗑
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Memory Construction | show 🗑
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show | Refers to the incorporation of misleading information into one’s memory of an event. The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of memory construction.
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show | Imagining an event which never happened can increase confidence that it actually occurred.
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show | The inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining factual knowledge.
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Deja Vu | show 🗑
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Misinformation Effect and Children | show 🗑
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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Created by:
satecAP