a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of
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| Choice-supportive bias | show 🗑
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| show | after an investment of effort in producing change, remembering one's past performance as more different than it actually was (Schacter, 1999).
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| show | the retention of few memories from before the age of two years.
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| show | incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour.
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| Context effect | show 🗑
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| show | a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory.
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| show | recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g. remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as being bigger than it really was.
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| Hindsight bias | show 🗑
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| Humor effect | show 🗑
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| Generation effect (Self-generation effect) | show 🗑
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| show | tendency to identify as true statements those which they have previously heard (even if they cannot consciously remember having heard them), regardless of the actual validity of the statement. IOW likelihood to believe a familiar statement over unfamiliar
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| Lag effect | show 🗑
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| show | memory distortions introduced by loss of details in recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening/selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to details/aspects of experience lost through leveling
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| show | that different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness (Craik & Lockhart, 1972).
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| List-length effect | show 🗑
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| show | that misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory.
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| show | when information is retained in memory but the source of the memory is forgotten. One of Schacter's (1999) Seven Sins of Memory, Misattribution was divided into Source Confusion, Cryptomnesia and False Recall/False Recognition.
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| Modality effect | show 🗑
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| show | the improved recall of information congruent with one's current mood.
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| show | that a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after this person.
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| Part-list cueing effect | show 🗑
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| show | that people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak (e.g. pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended.
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| show | the unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event.
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| Picture superiority effect | show 🗑
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| Positivity effect | show 🗑
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| Processing difficulty effect | show 🗑
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| show | that the first items on a list show an advantage in memory.
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| show | that the last items on a list show an advantage in memory.
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| show | the recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods (Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes, 1986; Rubin, Rahhal & Poon, 1998).
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| Rosy retrospection | show 🗑
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| show | that items near the end of a list are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a list; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered.
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| show | that memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others.
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| Source Confusion | show 🗑
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| show | that information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a longer span of time.
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| Stereotypical bias | show 🗑
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| show | the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall (Morton, Crowder & Prussin, 1971).
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| show | a form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory.
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| show | the tendency to displace recent events backward in time and remote events forward in time, so that recent events appear to be more remote, and remote events, more recent.
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| Testing effect | show 🗑
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| show | inability to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an instance of "blocking" where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other
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| show | that the "gist" of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording (Poppenk, Walia, Joanisse, Danckert, & Köhler, 2006).
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| show | that an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items (von Restorff, 1933).
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| Zeigarnik effect | show 🗑
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