final test
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| What pixel size has a 1024 × 1024 matrix with a 35-cm FOV? | 0.35 mm
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| How does the use of rare earth intensifying screens contribute to lowering the patient dose? | It permits the use of lower mAs
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| Advantages of battery-powered mobile x-ray units include their | 1. ability to store a large quantity of energy. 2. ability to store energy for extended periods of time
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| Which of the following is (are) method(s) that would enable the radiographer to reduce the exposure time required for a particular radiograph? | 1. Use higher mA. 2. Use higher kVp. 3. Use faster film-screen combination.
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| In the 15 degree medial oblique projection of the ankle the | talotibial joint is visualized and plantar surface should be vertical
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| As the CR laser scanner recognizes various tissue densities, it constructs a graphic representation of a pixel value distibution called a | histogram
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| An AEC device can operate on which of the following principals | A photomultiplier tube charged by a fluorescent screen and a parallel plate ionization chamber charged by x-ray photons
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| An accurately positioned oblique projection of the first through fourth lumbar vertebrae will demonstrate the classic "scotty dog" what bony structure does the scotty dog's neck represent | Pars interarticularis
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| which of the following barium-filled anatomic structures is best demonstrated in the left anterior oblique position | Splenic flexure
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| which dose-response curve charfacteristics represent genetic and some somatic responses to radiation | linar and non threshold
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| What procedures requires that contrast medium be injected into the ureters | retrograde pyelogram
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| How can the radiographic reduce the amount of scattered ratiation generated during an x-ray | use optimum kVp and collimate closely
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| Minor reactions to IV administration of a contrast agent can include | hives, nausea, flushed face
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| the presence of dust or scratched on intensifying screens will cause | decreased density in those area of the images
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| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter results in total absorption of the incident photon | Photoelectric effect
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| what is the preffered scheduling sequence for Ab ultrasoun, upper Gi, lower Gi | Abdomen ultrasound, lower GI, Upper GI
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| How would the introduction of a 6-inch OID affect image contrast | Contrast would be increased
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| If a pt is unable to stay erect for sinus study what position is best | Lateral cross table recumbant
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| For the right anterior oblique of the cervical spine requires which of the following combinations of tube angle and direction | 15 to 20 caudad
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| NCRP recommended fetal dose is | .5 rem
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| fluids and medications are administered to patients intravenously to | promote rapid responses and administer parenternal nutrition
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| Which position will move the fundus of gallbladder away from the superimposed transverese process | LAO
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| Examples of primary radiation barriers include | radographic room walls and radiographic room floor
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| Indirect modes of disease transmission include | airborne, fomite, vector
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| Is each lung enclosed in peritoneum | this is false
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| The total number of x=ray photons produced at the target is contingent upon the | tube current, target material, and square kilovoltage
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| What will reduce patient dose during fluoro | Decreased SSD and restricting tabletop intensity to less than 10 R/min
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| Expectoration of blood is | hemoptysis
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| Accurate postion of an AP knee is | femorotibial interspaces equal bilatterally and CR enters 1/2 in distal to base of patella
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| Which structure will usually contain air in the PA position on a sthenic patientin a double-contrast UGI | Gastric fundus
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| If the quantitiy of black metallic silver on a particular radiograph is such that it allows 1% of the illuminator light to pass through tthe image that image has a density of | 2.0
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| A blowout fracture usually occures in which aspect of the orbital all | Inferior
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| Gonadal shielding should be procided for male patients in which of the following exams Femur, abdomen, or pelvis | For all...Femur, abdomen, and pelvis
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| The image intensifier's input phosphor differs from the output phosphor in that the input phosphor | it is much larger than the output phosphor
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| Which of the following pathologic conditions require a decrease in exposure factors Pneumothorax, Emphysema, Multiple myeloma | Pnuemothorax, Emphysema, Multiple myeloma
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| What projections require that the shoulder be placed in external rotation | AP humerus
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| In which section of the automatic processor are the exposed silver halide crystals changed to black metallic silver | In the first bath...the developer
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| Geometric unsharpness is influenced by | OID,SID,SOD
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| Combinations of MA and S that produce a particular mAs will produce identical radiographic density...this is an expression of | Reciprocity Law
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| If single-emulsion film was loaded into it's cassette with the emulsion facing away from the intensifying screen the resulting image would demonstrate | decreased density
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| What is demonstrated in the oblique cervical vertebrae | only intervertebral foramina
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| when medications are administered parenterally they are given | by any other route other than orally
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| A star pattern is used to measure | only focal spot resolution
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| All other factors remaining the same, if a 14 x 17 inch field is collimated to a 4 inch square field the image will demonstrate | less density
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| Compontent parts of the x-ray film include | Gelatin emulsion and adhesive layer
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| In what ways can higher radiographic contrast be obtained in abdominal radiography | by using lover KV, by using a contrast medium, by limiting field sized
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| In the AP projection of an asthenic patient whose knee measures less than 19 cm form the ASIS to tabletop, the CR should be directed | 5 degrees caudad
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| What can be used as landmark for an AP projection of the hip | Two inch medial to ASIS and Prominence of the greater trochanter
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| Unlawful touching of a person without his or her consent is | battery
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| What is the name of the device that functions to expose a film with an optical step wedge having a number of densities ranging from white to black | Sensitometer
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| A controlled area is one that is occupied by | radiation workers
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| The process of radiation passing through tissue and depositing energy through ionization process is known as | Linear Energy Transfer
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| What percentage of the SID must the collimator ligh and actual irrradiated area be accurate | 2%
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| The brightness level of fluoro image can vary with | Millamperage, KV, and patient thickness
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| What methods can be effectively used to decrease differential absorption, providing a longer scale of contrast to the diagnostic range | using high kV p and low mAs factors and using a compensating filtration
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| Which of the following pathologic consitions are considered additive conditions with respect to exposure factors...Osetoma, brochiectasis, or Pneumonia | Osteoma, Brochiectasis, and Pneumonia
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| Compared to that of the hyposthenic and asthenic habitus types, the gallbladder of a hypersthenic patient is most likely to be located | higher and more lateral
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| The thumb joint is | diathrotic
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| Which of the following can affect radiographic contrast ? Processing, Pathology, OID | processing, pathology, and OID
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| What is the most superior structure of the scapula? | Acromin Process
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| Which of the following contibutes to base-plus fog? | Chemical fog, base tint, and background radiation
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| The roentgen is a unit of measurement expresses | exposure in air
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| Which reducing agent is responsible for producing the gray tones on the image | Phenidone
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| What cells has the greatest radiosensitivity | Lymphocytes
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| A lesion with a stalk projecting from the intestinal mucosa into the lumen is a | polyp
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| What is the minmum requirement for lead aprons | .25 Pb
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| Stocastic effects of radiation include | genetic alterations
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| Which of the following are located on the distal aspect of the humerus..Capitulum, intertubercular groove, coronoid fossa | Capitulum and Coronoid Fossa
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| What is demonstrated in the AP projection of the T-spine | Intervertebral spaces
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| Is film screen contact related to recorded detail | No
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| What is the annual TEDE limit for radiation workers | 5000 mrem
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| A radiographer who discloses confidential information to unauthorized individuals may be found guilty of | Invasion of Privacy
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| Focal spot blur is greates | toward the cathode end of the x-ray beam
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| The biggest advantage of coupling the II to the TV camera or CCD via a lens coupling device is | ability to accommodate cine and or/spot films
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| The secondary ossification in long bones is | epiphysis
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| What structures are located in the left upper quadrant | left kidney, left superarenal gland, and gastric fundus
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| How is SID related to exposure rate and radiographic density | As SID increases exposure rate decreases and radiographic density decreases
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| What contributes most to patient dose | Photoelectric effect
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| An animal host of an infectious organism that transmit the infection via bite is a | vector
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| What affects both quantity and quality of beam | HVL and KVP
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| What is the best projection to demonstrate the longitudinal arch of the foot | Lateromedial weight-bearing lateral
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| A focal spot size of 0.3 mm or smaller is essential for what procedures | Magnification radiography
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| The principal function of filtration of the x-ray tube is to reduce | patient skin dose
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| Which of the following shoulder projections can be used to evaluate the lesser tubercle in profile | Internal rotation position
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| What is essential in magnification radiography | fractional focal spot
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| What type of error results in grid cutoff at the periphery of the image | Off-focus
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| What are the differences between the male and female pelvis | the female pelvic outlet is wider and the pubic angle is 90 degrees or less in the male
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| The advantages of large format spot film cameras, such as 100mm and 105mm, over smaller format cameras, such as 70 mm and 90 mm include | improved image qualities
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| mA x time x kVp x 1.41 is the heat unit formula for | 3phase 12 pulse
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| What type of exposure factors do Edema, Adcites, Acromegaly | Increase in exposure factors
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| When performing CPR on an infant, it is required that the number of compressions per minute, compared to that for an adult | Increase
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| Forms of intentional misconduct | Slader and invasion of privacy
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| All drug packages must provide certain information required by the U.S. FDA, some of the information that must be provided includes | Generic name, contraindications, the usual dose
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| Examples of nasograstric tubes include | Salem-sump and Levin
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| In which position can the sesamoid bones of the foot be demonstrated free of superimposition with the metatarssals or phalanges | tangential metatarsals/tose
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| Which structure should be visualized through the foramen magnum in the AP axial projection (Grashey method) of of the skull for the occipital bone? | Posterior clinoid processes and dorsum sella
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| Angulation of the CR may be required | to avoid superimposition of overlaying structures, to avoid foreshortening or self-superimposition, to project through certain articulations
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| To obtain an AP projection of the right ilium the patients | left side is elevated 40 degrees
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| Todemonstrate esophageal varisces the patient must be examined in | the recumbent position
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| What are the criteria used to evaluate a PA projection of the chest | 10 posterior ribs should be visualized, SC joint symmetrical, the scapulae should be lateral to the lung fields
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| What is true about lower-extremity venography | The patient is often examined in the semierect position, contrast medium is injection through a vein in the foot
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| To better demonstrate mandibular rami in the PA position the | central ray is angled cephalad
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| Examples of synovial pivot articulations include | atlantoaxial joint and radioulnar joint
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| the ridge that marks the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi is the | Carina
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| What is true about parietoacanthial (waters method) of the skull | head is rested on the extended chin and the maxillary antra should be projected above the petros
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| Skeletal consitions characterized by faulty bone calcification include | osteomalaci and rickets
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| What postion may not be used to demonstrate the SC articulations | Weight bearing
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| What is important for patient protection during fluoroscopic procedures | intermittent fluoro, fluoroscopic field size, focus-to-table distance
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| Patient dose increases as | FOV decreases
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| What is the approcimate ESE for the average AP c-spine | 80 mrad
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| Sources of secondary radiation include | leakage radiation, scattered radiation
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| Diagnostic x-radiation may be correctly described as | low energy, low LET
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| What circuit device is not located between the incoming power supplyand the primary coil of the high -voltage transformer except | mA meter
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| The x-ray interaction with matter that is responsible for the majority of scattered radiation reaching the IR is | Compton scatter
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| Exposures less than the minmum response time of an AEC may be required when | using high m, using fast film-screen combinations
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| Congruence of the x-ray beam with the light field is tested using | Radiopaque objects
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| A quality control program includes check on what | Reproducibility, Linearity, Positive beam limitation.auto collimation
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| What is the cause of pitting, or many small surface melts, of the anode's focal track | repeated, frequent overloading
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| In Fluoroscopy, the automatic brightness control adjusts the | kVp and mA
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| The fact that x-ray intensity across the primary beam can vary as much as 45% describes the | anode heel effect
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| the advantages of capacitor discharge mobile x-ray equiptment include | compact size and light weight
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| A technique chart should include which of the following information | Recommended SID, Grid Ratio, Screen-film combination
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| Substituting intensifying screens having a speed of 200 in place of a 100 speed system will | require one halg of the exposure of 100 speed screens and enable the radiographer to decrease the exposure time
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| Radiolucent contast agent | causes anatolmy to appear dark on the radiograph and is composed of elements with low atomic numbers
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| Geometric unsharpness is most likely to be greater | at the cathode end of the image
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| the infection strep throat is caused by | bacterium
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| In the parieto-orbital projection(Rhese method) of the optic canal the median sagittal place and CR form what angle? | 37 degrees
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| The absoption of useful radiation by a grid is called | grid cutoff
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| Decreasing field size from 14 x 17 into 8 X 10 will | decrease density and decrease the amount of scattered radiation within the part
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| How is the mAs adjusted in an AEC system as the film-screen speed combination is decreased | the mAs remains unchaed as film-screen speed decreases
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| Indirect modes of disease transmission include | airborne, fomite and vector
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| the principal function of filtration in the tube is to reduce | patient skin dose
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| the advantages of large format spot film cameras, such as 100 mm and 105 mm, over smaller format cameras such as 70 mm and 90 mm are | improved image quality
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| Techniques that function to reduce the spread of microbes are termed | medical asepsis
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| What will have an effect on radiographic contrast | beam restriction and grids
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| In the 15 degree medial oblique projection of the ankle the | talotibial joint is visualized and the plantar surface should be vertical
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