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What pixel size has a 1024 × 1024 matrix with a 35-cm FOV?
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How does the use of rare earth intensifying screens contribute to lowering the patient dose?
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What pixel size has a 1024 × 1024 matrix with a 35-cm FOV? | 0.35 mm |
| How does the use of rare earth intensifying screens contribute to lowering the patient dose? | It permits the use of lower mAs |
| Advantages of battery-powered mobile x-ray units include their | 1. ability to store a large quantity of energy. 2. ability to store energy for extended periods of time |
| Which of the following is (are) method(s) that would enable the radiographer to reduce the exposure time required for a particular radiograph? | 1. Use higher mA. 2. Use higher kVp. 3. Use faster film-screen combination. |
| In the 15 degree medial oblique projection of the ankle the | talotibial joint is visualized and plantar surface should be vertical |
| As the CR laser scanner recognizes various tissue densities, it constructs a graphic representation of a pixel value distibution called a | histogram |
| An AEC device can operate on which of the following principals | A photomultiplier tube charged by a fluorescent screen and a parallel plate ionization chamber charged by x-ray photons |
| An accurately positioned oblique projection of the first through fourth lumbar vertebrae will demonstrate the classic "scotty dog" what bony structure does the scotty dog's neck represent | Pars interarticularis |
| which of the following barium-filled anatomic structures is best demonstrated in the left anterior oblique position | Splenic flexure |
| which dose-response curve charfacteristics represent genetic and some somatic responses to radiation | linar and non threshold |
| What procedures requires that contrast medium be injected into the ureters | retrograde pyelogram |
| How can the radiographic reduce the amount of scattered ratiation generated during an x-ray | use optimum kVp and collimate closely |
| Minor reactions to IV administration of a contrast agent can include | hives, nausea, flushed face |
| the presence of dust or scratched on intensifying screens will cause | decreased density in those area of the images |
| Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter results in total absorption of the incident photon | Photoelectric effect |
| what is the preffered scheduling sequence for Ab ultrasoun, upper Gi, lower Gi | Abdomen ultrasound, lower GI, Upper GI |
| How would the introduction of a 6-inch OID affect image contrast | Contrast would be increased |
| If a pt is unable to stay erect for sinus study what position is best | Lateral cross table recumbant |
| For the right anterior oblique of the cervical spine requires which of the following combinations of tube angle and direction | 15 to 20 caudad |
| NCRP recommended fetal dose is | .5 rem |
| fluids and medications are administered to patients intravenously to | promote rapid responses and administer parenternal nutrition |
| Which position will move the fundus of gallbladder away from the superimposed transverese process | LAO |
| Examples of primary radiation barriers include | radographic room walls and radiographic room floor |
| Indirect modes of disease transmission include | airborne, fomite, vector |
| Is each lung enclosed in peritoneum | this is false |
| The total number of x=ray photons produced at the target is contingent upon the | tube current, target material, and square kilovoltage |
| What will reduce patient dose during fluoro | Decreased SSD and restricting tabletop intensity to less than 10 R/min |
| Expectoration of blood is | hemoptysis |
| Accurate postion of an AP knee is | femorotibial interspaces equal bilatterally and CR enters 1/2 in distal to base of patella |
| Which structure will usually contain air in the PA position on a sthenic patientin a double-contrast UGI | Gastric fundus |
| If the quantitiy of black metallic silver on a particular radiograph is such that it allows 1% of the illuminator light to pass through tthe image that image has a density of | 2.0 |
| A blowout fracture usually occures in which aspect of the orbital all | Inferior |
| Gonadal shielding should be procided for male patients in which of the following exams Femur, abdomen, or pelvis | For all...Femur, abdomen, and pelvis |
| The image intensifier's input phosphor differs from the output phosphor in that the input phosphor | it is much larger than the output phosphor |
| Which of the following pathologic conditions require a decrease in exposure factors Pneumothorax, Emphysema, Multiple myeloma | Pnuemothorax, Emphysema, Multiple myeloma |
| What projections require that the shoulder be placed in external rotation | AP humerus |
| In which section of the automatic processor are the exposed silver halide crystals changed to black metallic silver | In the first bath...the developer |
| Geometric unsharpness is influenced by | OID,SID,SOD |
| Combinations of MA and S that produce a particular mAs will produce identical radiographic density...this is an expression of | Reciprocity Law |
| If single-emulsion film was loaded into it's cassette with the emulsion facing away from the intensifying screen the resulting image would demonstrate | decreased density |
| What is demonstrated in the oblique cervical vertebrae | only intervertebral foramina |
| when medications are administered parenterally they are given | by any other route other than orally |
| A star pattern is used to measure | only focal spot resolution |
| All other factors remaining the same, if a 14 x 17 inch field is collimated to a 4 inch square field the image will demonstrate | less density |
| Compontent parts of the x-ray film include | Gelatin emulsion and adhesive layer |
| In what ways can higher radiographic contrast be obtained in abdominal radiography | by using lover KV, by using a contrast medium, by limiting field sized |
| In the AP projection of an asthenic patient whose knee measures less than 19 cm form the ASIS to tabletop, the CR should be directed | 5 degrees caudad |
| What can be used as landmark for an AP projection of the hip | Two inch medial to ASIS and Prominence of the greater trochanter |
| Unlawful touching of a person without his or her consent is | battery |
| What is the name of the device that functions to expose a film with an optical step wedge having a number of densities ranging from white to black | Sensitometer |
| A controlled area is one that is occupied by | radiation workers |
| The process of radiation passing through tissue and depositing energy through ionization process is known as | Linear Energy Transfer |
| What percentage of the SID must the collimator ligh and actual irrradiated area be accurate | 2% |
| The brightness level of fluoro image can vary with | Millamperage, KV, and patient thickness |
| What methods can be effectively used to decrease differential absorption, providing a longer scale of contrast to the diagnostic range | using high kV p and low mAs factors and using a compensating filtration |
| Which of the following pathologic consitions are considered additive conditions with respect to exposure factors...Osetoma, brochiectasis, or Pneumonia | Osteoma, Brochiectasis, and Pneumonia |
| Compared to that of the hyposthenic and asthenic habitus types, the gallbladder of a hypersthenic patient is most likely to be located | higher and more lateral |
| The thumb joint is | diathrotic |
| Which of the following can affect radiographic contrast ? Processing, Pathology, OID | processing, pathology, and OID |
| What is the most superior structure of the scapula? | Acromin Process |
| Which of the following contibutes to base-plus fog? | Chemical fog, base tint, and background radiation |
| The roentgen is a unit of measurement expresses | exposure in air |
| Which reducing agent is responsible for producing the gray tones on the image | Phenidone |
| What cells has the greatest radiosensitivity | Lymphocytes |
| A lesion with a stalk projecting from the intestinal mucosa into the lumen is a | polyp |
| What is the minmum requirement for lead aprons | .25 Pb |
| Stocastic effects of radiation include | genetic alterations |
| Which of the following are located on the distal aspect of the humerus..Capitulum, intertubercular groove, coronoid fossa | Capitulum and Coronoid Fossa |
| What is demonstrated in the AP projection of the T-spine | Intervertebral spaces |
| Is film screen contact related to recorded detail | No |
| What is the annual TEDE limit for radiation workers | 5000 mrem |
| A radiographer who discloses confidential information to unauthorized individuals may be found guilty of | Invasion of Privacy |
| Focal spot blur is greates | toward the cathode end of the x-ray beam |
| The biggest advantage of coupling the II to the TV camera or CCD via a lens coupling device is | ability to accommodate cine and or/spot films |
| The secondary ossification in long bones is | epiphysis |
| What structures are located in the left upper quadrant | left kidney, left superarenal gland, and gastric fundus |
| How is SID related to exposure rate and radiographic density | As SID increases exposure rate decreases and radiographic density decreases |
| What contributes most to patient dose | Photoelectric effect |
| An animal host of an infectious organism that transmit the infection via bite is a | vector |
| What affects both quantity and quality of beam | HVL and KVP |
| What is the best projection to demonstrate the longitudinal arch of the foot | Lateromedial weight-bearing lateral |
| A focal spot size of 0.3 mm or smaller is essential for what procedures | Magnification radiography |
| The principal function of filtration of the x-ray tube is to reduce | patient skin dose |
| Which of the following shoulder projections can be used to evaluate the lesser tubercle in profile | Internal rotation position |
| What is essential in magnification radiography | fractional focal spot |
| What type of error results in grid cutoff at the periphery of the image | Off-focus |
| What are the differences between the male and female pelvis | the female pelvic outlet is wider and the pubic angle is 90 degrees or less in the male |
| The advantages of large format spot film cameras, such as 100mm and 105mm, over smaller format cameras, such as 70 mm and 90 mm include | improved image qualities |
| mA x time x kVp x 1.41 is the heat unit formula for | 3phase 12 pulse |
| What type of exposure factors do Edema, Adcites, Acromegaly | Increase in exposure factors |
| When performing CPR on an infant, it is required that the number of compressions per minute, compared to that for an adult | Increase |
| Forms of intentional misconduct | Slader and invasion of privacy |
| All drug packages must provide certain information required by the U.S. FDA, some of the information that must be provided includes | Generic name, contraindications, the usual dose |
| Examples of nasograstric tubes include | Salem-sump and Levin |
| In which position can the sesamoid bones of the foot be demonstrated free of superimposition with the metatarssals or phalanges | tangential metatarsals/tose |
| Which structure should be visualized through the foramen magnum in the AP axial projection (Grashey method) of of the skull for the occipital bone? | Posterior clinoid processes and dorsum sella |
| Angulation of the CR may be required | to avoid superimposition of overlaying structures, to avoid foreshortening or self-superimposition, to project through certain articulations |
| To obtain an AP projection of the right ilium the patients | left side is elevated 40 degrees |
| Todemonstrate esophageal varisces the patient must be examined in | the recumbent position |
| What are the criteria used to evaluate a PA projection of the chest | 10 posterior ribs should be visualized, SC joint symmetrical, the scapulae should be lateral to the lung fields |
| What is true about lower-extremity venography | The patient is often examined in the semierect position, contrast medium is injection through a vein in the foot |
| To better demonstrate mandibular rami in the PA position the | central ray is angled cephalad |
| Examples of synovial pivot articulations include | atlantoaxial joint and radioulnar joint |
| the ridge that marks the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi is the | Carina |
| What is true about parietoacanthial (waters method) of the skull | head is rested on the extended chin and the maxillary antra should be projected above the petros |
| Skeletal consitions characterized by faulty bone calcification include | osteomalaci and rickets |
| What postion may not be used to demonstrate the SC articulations | Weight bearing |
| What is important for patient protection during fluoroscopic procedures | intermittent fluoro, fluoroscopic field size, focus-to-table distance |
| Patient dose increases as | FOV decreases |
| What is the approcimate ESE for the average AP c-spine | 80 mrad |
| Sources of secondary radiation include | leakage radiation, scattered radiation |
| Diagnostic x-radiation may be correctly described as | low energy, low LET |
| What circuit device is not located between the incoming power supplyand the primary coil of the high -voltage transformer except | mA meter |
| The x-ray interaction with matter that is responsible for the majority of scattered radiation reaching the IR is | Compton scatter |
| Exposures less than the minmum response time of an AEC may be required when | using high m, using fast film-screen combinations |
| Congruence of the x-ray beam with the light field is tested using | Radiopaque objects |
| A quality control program includes check on what | Reproducibility, Linearity, Positive beam limitation.auto collimation |
| What is the cause of pitting, or many small surface melts, of the anode's focal track | repeated, frequent overloading |
| In Fluoroscopy, the automatic brightness control adjusts the | kVp and mA |
| The fact that x-ray intensity across the primary beam can vary as much as 45% describes the | anode heel effect |
| the advantages of capacitor discharge mobile x-ray equiptment include | compact size and light weight |
| A technique chart should include which of the following information | Recommended SID, Grid Ratio, Screen-film combination |
| Substituting intensifying screens having a speed of 200 in place of a 100 speed system will | require one halg of the exposure of 100 speed screens and enable the radiographer to decrease the exposure time |
| Radiolucent contast agent | causes anatolmy to appear dark on the radiograph and is composed of elements with low atomic numbers |
| Geometric unsharpness is most likely to be greater | at the cathode end of the image |
| the infection strep throat is caused by | bacterium |
| In the parieto-orbital projection(Rhese method) of the optic canal the median sagittal place and CR form what angle? | 37 degrees |
| The absoption of useful radiation by a grid is called | grid cutoff |
| Decreasing field size from 14 x 17 into 8 X 10 will | decrease density and decrease the amount of scattered radiation within the part |
| How is the mAs adjusted in an AEC system as the film-screen speed combination is decreased | the mAs remains unchaed as film-screen speed decreases |
| Indirect modes of disease transmission include | airborne, fomite and vector |
| the principal function of filtration in the tube is to reduce | patient skin dose |
| the advantages of large format spot film cameras, such as 100 mm and 105 mm, over smaller format cameras such as 70 mm and 90 mm are | improved image quality |
| Techniques that function to reduce the spread of microbes are termed | medical asepsis |
| What will have an effect on radiographic contrast | beam restriction and grids |
| In the 15 degree medial oblique projection of the ankle the | talotibial joint is visualized and the plantar surface should be vertical |
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