A2 Chemistry
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| Acid dissociation constant, K(a) | The acid dissociation constant of an acid HA is defined at K(a)=[H+(aq)][A-(aq)]/[HA(aq)].
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| Activation energy | The minimum energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds in the reactants.
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| Addition polymer | A very long molecular chain formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers).
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| Addition reaction | A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.
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| Aliphatic hydrocarbon | A hydrocarbon where carbon atoms are joined together in straight or branched chains.
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| Alkali | A base that dissolves in water forming OH-(aq) ions.
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| Alkanes | The homologous series with the general formula C(n)H(2n+2).
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| Alkylammonium salt | A compound where the hydrogen(s) on an ammonium ion have been substituted by alkyl chains.
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| Alkylation | Addition of hydrocarbon chains to an organic compound.
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| Alkyl group | An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed, e.g. CH3, C2H5; often shown as 'R'
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| Amide | A class of compound with a functional group made of an acyl group, which is directly attached to an amine.
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| Amount of substance | The quantity whose unit is the mole. Chemists use "amount of substance" as a means of counting atoms.
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| Amphoteric chemicals | Chemicals that can react with both acids and bases.
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| Anion | A negatively charged ion.
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| Anhydrous | A substance that contains no water molecules.
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| Arrhenius plot | A graph of In k =In A - Ea/R x 1/T where In K is plotted against 1/T
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| Atomic orbital | A region of space where it is likely that you will find electrons. Each orbital can hold up to two electrons, with opposite spins.
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| Atomic (proton) number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Average bond enthalpy | The mean energy needed for 1 mole of a given type of gaseous bonds to undergo homolytic fission.
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| Avogadro constant | The number of atoms per mole of the carbon-12 isotope (6.02 x 10(23) mol(-1).
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| Base | A chemical that will react with an acid.
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| Benzene | A naturally occurring aromatic compound, which is a very stable planar ring structure with delocalised electrons.
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| Benzene derivative | A benzene ring that has undergone a substitution reaction.
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| Boltzmann distribution | The distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, often shown as a graph.
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| Bronsted-Lowry acid | A proton, H+, donor.
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| Bronsted-Lowry base | A proton, H+, acceptor.
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| Buffer solution | A mixture that minimises pH changes on addition of small amounts of acid or base. The word "minimises" is essential to this definition.
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| Carbocation | An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge.
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| Catalyst | A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.
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| Cation | A positively charged ion.
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| Chemical shift | The scale that compares the frequency of NMR absorption with the frequency of the reference peak of TMS.
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| Chiral carbon | A chiral carbon has four different groups attached to it.
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| Chromatogram | A visible record showing the result of separation of the components of a mixture by chromatography.
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| Cis-trans isomerism | A type of E/Z isomerism where each carbon of the C=C double bond caries the same atom or group.
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| Complex ion | A transition metal ion bonded to one or more ligands by coordination bonds (dative covalent bonds).
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| Condensation polymerisation | The chemical reaction to form a long-chain molecule by elimination of a small molecule, such as water.
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| Conjugate acid-base pair | Two species that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton.
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| Coordination number | The total number of coordinate bonds formed between a central metal ion and its ligands.
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| Covalent bond | A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons between nuclei.
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| Curly arrow | A symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair.
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| Dative covalent bond | A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons that has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only. Also known as a coordinate bond.
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| Degradable polymer | A polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisture.
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| Delocalised electrons | Electrons that are shared between more than two atoms.
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| Deuterium | An isotope of hydrogen and does not produce a signal in the proton NMR spectrum.
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| Directing effect | How a functional group attached directly to an aromatic ring affects which atoms are more likely to undergo substitution.
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| Displayed formula | A formula which shows the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them.
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| Disproportionation | The oxidation and reduction of the same element in a redox reaction.
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| Distillation | A technique used to separate miscible liquids or solutions.
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| Dynamic equilibrium | The equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction and all the chemicals have their concentrations maintained.
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| Electron structure or configuration | The arrangement of electrons in an atom or ion.
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| Electrophile | An electron-pair acceptor.
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| Electrophilic substitution | A substitution reaction where an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich atom or part on a molecule and a new covalent bond is formed by the electrophile accepting an electron pair.
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