Terms
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| King Caucus | meeting of political party leaders in congress that wasn't open to public. elected party candidates (VP, Pres.) later replaced by nominating conventions
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| " Corrupt Bargain" 1824 | alleged deal between presidential candidates John Q. Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the house of representatives, in Adam's favor. accusation became the rallying cry for Jackson supporters (majority of the popular vote)
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| “Tariff of Abominations" 1828 | The tariff sought to protect northern/ western farmimg products from competition with foreign imports; however, the resulting tax on foreign goods would raise the cost of living in the South and would cut into the profits of New England's industrialists
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| “South Carolina Exposition”1828 | by Calhoun( Vice President of the U.S under John Quincy Adams. stated that if tariff of Abom. was not repealed, SC would secede & Calhouns Doctrine of null.- the idea that a state has the right to reject federal law(T. J. and J.M. in their KY and VA Res.
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| Rachel Jackson | andrew jackson's wife, accused of being an adulteress and died before A.J. inauguration
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| “King Andrew the First” | a nickname given to President Jackson by his enemies, the Whigs. His supporters, "supporters of the king", were Tories and his enemies were the Whigs. It came about because many thought he was assuming too much power as president.
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| "Maysville Road veto” | A veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky. This was a blow to Clay's American System, and it irritated the West.
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| Tariff of 1832 | a protection tariff in the US passed as reduced tariff to helpthe conflict created by T.O.A. still not working by south hurt by high tariff rates. T.O, caused the Nullification Crisis involving S.C. The tariff was later lowered to pacify these objections.
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| Force Bill | President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828/1832. SCs ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs and force act null and void, and SC would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked bec
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| wildcat banks | unstable banking that issued paper money to speculators. were operated under state charters. after fed. no calateral. farmers took out loans, bought land, lost money on the land, defaulted on their loans, and then the banks started to fail.
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| Specie Circular1836 | A.J.meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without (gold or silver) backing it. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
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| Whigs | political party that had no stand on slavery, An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
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| Panic of 1837 | state banks received money from the B.U.S. banks issued paper money. AJ issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands w/AU AG. banks collapsed. U.S. bank failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt. unemployment distress
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| pet banks | popular term for pro-jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when andrew jackson moved to dismantle the bank of the united states in 1833.
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| William Henry Harrison | 9th pres (1841); served one month then died of pneumonia; gave longest inaugural address, which caused his sickness due to weather; fought in both revolutionary war and war of 1812; his forces killed tecumseh Battle of Tipicanoe
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| Eli Whitney | american inventor; pushed for interchangeable parts; invented cotton gin; sparked the rebirth of slavery, as beforehand it was on the decline
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| Isaac Singer | (1811-1875) American inventor; he patented an improved sewing machine and by 1860, was the largest manufacturer of sewing machines in the country.
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| Lowell factory girls | Chaperoned boarding house; women less pay for same work; unmarried women only for money need and no domestic duty distractions
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| John Deere | invents the steel plow in 1839 (a machine that got things out of the way for farming like rocks, etc.)
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| Cyrus McCormick | invented the mechanical reaper in 1837 (gets grain off the stalk)
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| Robert Fulton | American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
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| “Tom Thumb” | Locomotive by Peter Cooper which traveled along 13 miles of track constructed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Began the railroad era.
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| John Jacob Astor | American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company
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| Samuel F.B. Morse | an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code
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| Cyrus Field | American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.
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| Second Great Awakening | A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on democratic ideas, importance of individual, and other reform movements
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| Joseph Smith | " visited" by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio?killed by, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs
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| Brigham Young | The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.
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| Horace Mann | Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
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| Noah Webster | Called "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America.
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| William McGuffey | ohio teacher-preacher of rare power. his grade-school readers, first published in the 1830's, sold 122 million copies in the following decades. _____ readers had home lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.
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| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | member of the women's right's movement in 1840. shocked feminists by advocating women suffrage at the first Wom. Righ. Conv. in Seneca, NY 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
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| Dorothea Dix | New England teacher and author who advocated for the improved treatment of the mentally ill- created the first mental asylums.
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| Seneca Falls Convention | assembly 1848, at Seneca Falls, New York, that launched the woman suffrage movement in the United States. Seneca Falls was the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who conceived and directed the convention
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| New Harmony | This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.
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| Brook Farm | Brook Farm is one of the most famous 19th century experiments in communal living.Brook Farm was the dream of Boston transcendentalist, George Ripley. Brook Farms was established in1841 as an experimental community in West Roxbury, Massachusetts.
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| Oneida Community | radical utopian community established in New York, in which complex marriage (free love), male consistence (a form of birth control), and controlled breeding to create a new superior generationwere all practiced. the community lasted for over thirty years
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| Shakers | A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.
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| John Trumbull | american painter who painted events and the people involved in the american revolution. famous and notable for these paintings
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| Washington Irving | 19th century author; "rip can winkle" and "legend of sleepy hollow"; US ambassador to spain in 1840s;
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| Transcendentalism | a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.
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| Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He helped push the transcendentalist movement.
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| Henry David Thoreau | famous American transcendentalist who turned to the environment for inspiration. In 1854 Thoreau published his book, Walden, which was about his time spent living in isolation and his different feelings on society.
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| William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
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| Frederick Douglass | one of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in maryland. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.
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| David Walker | Black American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation
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| Abolition | The militant effort to do away with slavery. It began in the north in the 1700's. Becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's. Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces
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| American Colonization Society | Black American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation
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| Temperance Movement | The first national temperance organization, it was created by evangelical Protestants. Created in 1826, they followed Lyman Beecher.total abstinence from alcohol. They denounced the evil of drinking and promoted the expulsion of drinkers from church
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| Charles Grandison Finney | Known as the "father of modern revivalism," he was a pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations. He believed that conversions were human creations instead of the divine works of God. His "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all
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| Declaration of Sentiments | document signed by the majority of the people present at the Seneca Falls Convention; based upon the US Declaration of Independence, "grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women."
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| Utopian communities | intentional communities created to perfect American society
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