Multicellular Organisms - All
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| Why do multicellular organisms need to go through cell division? | for growth and repair
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| Why is it important that the new daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell? | so they maintain the diploid chromosome complement,
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| What happens to the chromosomes during stage 2 of mitosis? | they condense and replicate
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| What happens to the nuclear membrane during stage 2 of mitosis? | starts to break down
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| Where do the chromosomes line up during stage 3 of mitosis? | equator (middle) of the cell
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| What attaches to the chromosomes during stage 4 of mitosis? | spindle fibres
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| What do the spindle fibres pull apart during stage 4 of mitosis? | chromatids
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| What reforms around the groups of chromosomes during stage 5 of mitosis? | new nuclear membrane
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| What starts to happen to the cytoplasm during stage 5 of mitosis? | It divides
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| What is produced during stage 6 of mitosis? | 2 new identical daughter cells
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| If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, how many will each of the daughter cells have that are made during mitosis? | 16
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| Why do unicellular organisms need to do cell division? | for reproduction
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| If one cell divides every 10 minutes how many cells will be present after 50 minutes? | 32
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| What is the name for an unspecialised cell? | stem cell
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| What are the two functions of stem cells? | Growth and repair
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| What are stem cells required for? | self-renewal and producing specialised cells
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| Where are stem cells located in the human body? | Bone marrow, skin, muscle
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| Give a medical use of stem cells | Treat cancer, diabetes, make skin grafts, organ transplants
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| What is the ethical issue with embryonic stem cells | kills the embryo
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| State the order of life. | cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system
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| What is a tissue? | Groups of similar cells working together to perform the same function
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| What is an organ? | Groups of similar tissues working together to perform the same function
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| What is an organ system? | Groups of organs working together
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| An organism made up of more than one cell is called? | Multicelllular
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| An organism made up of one cell is called? | Unicellular
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| What is the specialisation of a red blood cell? | No nucleus, Biconcave shape, contains haemoglobin
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| What is the function of a sperm cell? | fertilise the egg
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| What is the specialisation of a sperm cell? | tail to swim
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| What is the function of a red blood cell? | Carries oxygen around the body
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| What is the nervous system composed of? | Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves
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| What is the central nervous system composed of? | Brain and Spinal cord
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| Which part of the brain controls thought and personality? | Cerebrum
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| Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination? | Cerebellum
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| Which part of the brain controls heart rate? | Medulla
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| What is the function of the Medulla? | controls breathing and heart rate
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| What is the function of the Cerebrum? | Controls thought and personality
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| What is the function of the Cerebellum? | Controls balance and coordination
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| What are the three neurons present in the reflex arc? | Sensory, inter and motor (SIM)
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| What is the function of the receptors in the reflex arc? | detect stimulus (e.g sharp object)
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| Which neuron passes information from the inter nerve to the effector? | Motor nerve
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| What is the function of the sensory neuron? | Passes information from the receptors to the inter neuron
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| Which neuron is found in the CNS? | Inter
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| Give two examples of an effector. | Muscles and Glands
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| What is the function of an effector? | To produce a response
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| What is the function of the inter neuron? | To pass information from the sensory to the motor neuron
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| What is the gap between neurons called? | Synapse
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| What is the function of the reflex arc? | to protect the body
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| What diffuses between the neurons? | chemical messages
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| What passes along a neuron? | electrical impulses
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| Which gland releases hormones? | Endocrine
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| Hormones are chemical messengers that travel in the? | bloodstream
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| What are hormones made of? | protein
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| What are the specific proteins that hormones bind to on target tissues called? | receptors
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| Do hormones have a faster or slower response than nerves? | slower
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| Which has a longer lasting effect, nerves or hormones? | hormones
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| Which endocrine organ releases insulin and glucagon? | Pancreas
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| When is insulin released? | blood sugar too high
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| What is insulin's target tissue? | Liver
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| What is insulin's function? | To convert glucose into glycogen
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| Which gland releases hormones? | Endocrine
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| Hormones are chemical messengers that travel in the? | bloodstream
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| What are hormones made of? | protein
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| What are the specific proteins that hormones bind to on target tissues called? | receptors
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| Do hormones have a faster or slower response than nerves? | slower
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| Which has a longer lasting effect, nerves or hormones? | hormones
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| Which endocrine organ releases insulin and glucagon? | Pancreas
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| When is insulin released? | blood sugar too high (hIIIIIIgh)
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| What is insulin's target tissue? | Liver
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| What is insulin's function? | To convert glucose into glycogen
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| What is the function of the pancreas? | detects changes in blood sugar and releases hormones
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| Where is glycogen stored? | Liver
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| When is glucagon released? | blood sugar too low (glucose is gone)
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| What is glucagon's function? | To convert glycogen into glucose
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| Why is insulin released? | To lower blood glucose levels
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| Why is glucagon released? | To increase blood glucose levels
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| What is Diabetes? | failure to produce insulin from the pancreas.
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| What is digestion? | breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules (BLISS)
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| What is protein broken down into? | amino acids
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| What is fat broken down into? | fatty acids and glycerol
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| What is starch broken down into? | maltose
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| What is the name for the finger-like projections in the small intestine? | Villi
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| What is the function of the villi? | Absorb nutrients from food
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| Why is the small intestine good at absorbing food? | large number of villi providing a large surface area.
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| Give four features of the villi that allow them to easily absorb nutrients | Large surface area, thin lining, good blood supply, high number of villi
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| Which part of the villi absorbs fatty acids and glycerol? | Lacteal
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| Which component of the villi absorbs glucose and amino acids? | Blood capillary
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| What does the blood capillary absorb? | glucose and amino acids
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| What does the lacteal absorb? | fatty acids and glycerol
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| What needs to be absorbed from the bloodstream? | oxygen and nutrients
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| What is the waste material removed from cells into the bloodstream? | carbon dioxide
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| What are the main gas exchange organs? | the Lungs
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| What do the lungs contain that provide them with a large surface area? | a large number of alveoli
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| What are the 3 features of alveoli that allow gas exchange? | Large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls
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| Give one feature of tissues which allows them to exchange materials with cells? | They have capillary networks.
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| What does the blood contain? | plasma, red blood cells and white blood cells.
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| What are the main substances that the blood transports? | oxygen, carbon dioxide & nutrients
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| What is the function of white blood cells? | To destroy pathogens
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| Which white blood cell engulfs pathogens through phagocytosis? | Phagocytes
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| What is the function of lymphocytes? | produce specific antibodies which destroy pathogens
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| Why are antibodies specific? | They only bind to a particular pathogen
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| Which blood vessels carries blood into the heart? | Vein
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| Which blood vessels carries blood into the heart? | Artery
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| Which blood vessel is the site of gas exchange? | Capillaries
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| Describe the structure of arteries | Thick wall, thick muscular layer, narrow channel
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| Describe the structure of veins | thin wall, thin muscular layer, wide channel, valves
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| Describe the structure of capillaries? | Thin wall (1 cell), highly branched forming networks, large surface area
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| Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood? | Left
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| Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood? | Right
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| What are the two receiving chambers called? | Atria (atrium)
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| What are the two pumping chambers called? | Ventricles
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| What is the function of the left side of the heart? | Pumps blood to the body
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| What is the function of the right side of the heart? | Pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
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| Which blood vessel takes blood into the heart from the body? | Vena Cava
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| Which blood vessel takes blood into the heart from the lungs? | Pulmonary vein
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| Which blood vessel takes blood away from the heart to the body? | Aorta
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| Which blood vessel takes blood away from the heart to the lungs? | Pulmonary artery
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| What is the function of the coronary artery? | Provides heart with nutrients and oxygen
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| What happens when the coronary artery becomes blocked? | Oxygen cannot get to the heart causing a heart attack
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| Which blood vessel carries blood under high pressure? | Arteries
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| What is the function of valves? | prevent the backflow of blood
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| Which blood vessel carries blood under low pressure? | Veins
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| How many valves are within the heart? | Four
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| What is the function of the xylem? | Transports water up the plant
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| What is the function of the phloem? | Transports sugar up and down the plant.
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| What provides the xylem with support? | Rings of lignin
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| Is the xylem or phloem dead? | Xylem
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| What is the function of the upper and lower epidermis in a plant leaf? | Protection
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| What is the function of the palisade mesophyll cells? | Photosynthesis
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| Which cells allow the opening and closing of the stomata | Guard cells.
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| What structures are present in the phloem? | Sieve tubes, sieve plates, companion cells.
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| State two functions of the stomata. | Gas exchange and evapouration of water
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| What is transpiration? | The evapouration of water from the stomata
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| What is the transpiration stream? | Movement of water from root to leaves
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| What process allows water to move into the root hair cells | Osmosis
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| What process allows water to move up the xylem | Osmosis
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| Which structures are found in the transpiration stream? | Root hair cells, xylem, stomata
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| What effect does increasing temperature have on transpiration? | Increases transpiration
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| What effect does increasing humidity have on transpiration? | decreases transpiration
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| What effect does increasing surface area have on transpiration? | Increases transpiration
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| What effect does decreasing wind speed have on transpiration? | decreases transpiration
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| Cells which contain two sets of chromosomes are called? | Diploid
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| Cells which contain one set of chromosomes are called? | Haploid
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| Which cells in the human body are haploid? | Gametes (sex cells)
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| What is the male gamete in animals called and where is it produced? | Sperm - Testes
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| What is the female gamete in animals called and where is it produced? | Egg - Ovary
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| What is the male gamete in plants called and where is it produced? | Pollen - Anther
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| What is the female gamete in plants called and where is it produced? | Ovule - Ovary
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| What is fertilisation? | The fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
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| What does a zygote divide to form? | An embryo
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| What is discrete variation? | Can be split up into 2 or more groups
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| What is continuous variation? | Shows a range of values
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| Tongue rolling is an example of? | Discrete variation
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| Height is an example of? | Continuous variation
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| What is an allele? | Different forms of the same gene
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| What is a phenotype? | The physical appearance due to genetic trait
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| Give an example of a phenotype | Blue eyes
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| What is a genotype? | the 2 alleles present e.g. BB or bb or Bb
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| How many dominant alleles do you need to allow the dominant phenotype to show | One
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| How many recessive alleles do you need to allow the recessive phenotype to show | Two
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| What is homozygous? | Two of the same alleles (e.g. BB or bb)
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| What is heterozygous? | Two different alleles (e.g. Bb)
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| What is polygenic inheritance? | Characteristic controlled by more than one gene
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| Most traits are usually? | polygenic and continuous
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| What are the names for the generations in a family tree? | P, F1 and F2
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| Why are predicted ratios of offspring not always the observed ratio? | Fertilisation is a random process.
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