Micro 15
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| Microbiologists use three categories of techniques to diagnose infections: | show 🗑
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| show | Phenotypic
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| Analysis of microbe’s DNA or RNA | show 🗑
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| Analysis of microbe using antibodies, or of patients’ antibodies using prepackaged antigens | show 🗑
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| show | specimen
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| show | accurate
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| Patient analysis for signs of microbial infection (i.e., fever, wound exudate, mucus production, abnormal lesion) comes first; after that, _____ are collected and analyzed. | show 🗑
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| The main _____ methods include the direct examination of specimens, observing the growth of specimen cultures on special media, and biochemical testing of pure cultures. | show 🗑
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| Direct microscopic observation of a fresh or stained specimen is one of the most _____ methods of determining presumptive and sometimes confirmatory microbial characteristics. | show 🗑
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| show | media
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| The physiological reactions of _____ to _____ and other substrates provide excellent indirect evidence of the types of enzyme systems present in a particular species. | show 🗑
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| show | grown
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| show | polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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| In some cases, where the microbial populations are relatively unknown, a form of PCR called _____ ______ _____ _____ may be used because it employs primers of random sequence in an attempt to pick a microbial needle out of a haystack. | show 🗑
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| show | Hybridization
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| show | Probes
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| _____ testing can be performed on a variety of body fluids or tissues and is based on the principle that antibodies have extreme specificity for antigens. | show 🗑
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| show | in vitro
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| show | Agglutination
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| _____ reactions also occur between antibody and antigen and produce insoluble, visible precipitates, but they are typically made visible by adding radioactive or enzyme markers. | show 🗑
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| show | Serotyping
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| In the _____ _____ procedure, proteins that have been separated by electrical current are identified by labeled antibodies. | show 🗑
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| _____ fluorescence antibody tests indicate the presence of microbial antigens and are useful in identifying infectious agents; _____ fluorescence tests indicate the presence of microbe-specific antibodies and are used to diagnose infection. | show 🗑
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| ______ can detect very small quantities of antigen, antibody, or other substances and use dyes or radioactive isotopes to visualize antigen-antibody complexes. | show 🗑
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| The _____ test is widely used to detect antigens (direct method) or antibodies (indirect method) in patient samples. | show 🗑
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| _____ _____ involves the complement-dependent action of lysins to detect antimicrobial antibodies and is used in diagnosing fungal and bacterial diseases. | show 🗑
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| ___ ___ serological testing, such as the tuberculin reaction, involves injection of antigen to elicit a visible immune response in the host. | show 🗑
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| show | infectious diseases.
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| show | DNA
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| show | Mass spectrometry
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| show | quickly , 6
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| _____ designed for infectious disease diagnosis are “chips” (absorbent plates) that contain gene sequences from potentially thousands of different possible infectious agents, selected based on the syndrome being investigated | show 🗑
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| An old way of diagnosing infections, which found use in only occasional infections, involves various _____ techniques. | show 🗑
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| show | tuberculosis
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| PCR is used to: | show 🗑
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| Mass spectrometry identifies microbes via | show 🗑
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| show | electron microscopy
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| Which method can identify different strains of a microbe? | show 🗑
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| In agglutination reactions, the antigen is a _____; in precipitation reactions, it is a _____. | show 🗑
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| show | biochemical
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| tuberculin reaction is an ___ ___ immunologic method | show 🗑
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| Genetic means of identification are being used as a sole resource for identifying ______. | show 🗑
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| show | biochemical, serological, and morphological
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| show | Positron emission tomography (PET)
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| Light microscopy aids in the observation of: | show 🗑
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| Electron microscopy can pinpoint additional structural features such as: | show 🗑
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| Appearance of colonies: texture, size, shape, and pigment, Speed of growth, and Patterns of growth in broth and gelatin media are all traits that can be assessed with the _____ _____ | show 🗑
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| Dozens of diagnostic tests exist for determining the presence of specific enzymes and to assess nutritional and metabolic activities: | show 🗑
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| microbes that can’t be grown in the laboratory that are identified by genotypic methods | show 🗑
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| show | pathogen
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| _____ ____ are available for immediate identification of a number of pathogens. | show 🗑
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| Care should be taken with samples that contain resident microbiota. Only the infected site should be sampled, and not the ______ _______ | show 🗑
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| ______ samples can be taken from the bladder with a catheter, by clean catch, dirty catch, or mucous lining of the urethra | show 🗑
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| ______ can be swabbed or scraped with a scalpel to expose deeper layers | show 🗑
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| ______ are cleansed prior to swabbing for culture to avoid collecting normal microbiota | show 🗑
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| Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue fluids must be taken by ____ ____ ____ | show 🗑
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| show | Antisepsis
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| show | Serological
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| show | Skin
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| show | pathogens
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| show | rapid
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| show | Gram stain and acid-fast stain
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| used to enrich a pathogen present in small numbers or is easily overgrown | show 🗑
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| show | Selective media
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| show | Differential media
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| show | isolation
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| show | Biochemical testing
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| Enzyme-mediated metabolic reactions often visualized by a _____ change | show 🗑
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| Microbe is cultured in a _____ with a special substrate, then tested for a particular end product. | show 🗑
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| Microbial expression of the enzyme is made visible by a _____ _____ | show 🗑
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| show | lacks
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| show | Dichotomous keys
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| show | Dichotomous keys
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| Eventually, an endpoint is reached, and the name of a genus or species that fits that particular combination of characteristics appears. | show 🗑
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| Diagnostic tables that provide more complete information are preferred today by many laboratories | show 🗑
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| Used when morphological and biochemical tests are insufficient | show 🗑
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| Bacteriophage infect bacteria in a species-specific and strain-specific way, which is useful in identifying some bacteria. | show 🗑
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| show | Phage typing
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| Cleared areas corresponding to lysed cells indicate sensitivity to that phage. | show 🗑
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| show | Avian embryos
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| show | Antimicrobial sensitivity tests
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| show | Antimicrobial sensitivity tests
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| show | disease
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| Repeated isolation of a relatively pure culture of any microorganism can mean it is an agent of ______ | show 🗑
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| ____ results in the production of numerous identical copies of DNA or RNA molecules within hours | show 🗑
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| show | Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
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| Makes it possible to identify a microbe by analyzing segments of its genetic material | show 🗑
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| show | Probes
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| show | Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
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| Involves the separation of DNA fragments that are too large for conventional gel electrophoresis methods | show 🗑
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| show | 16S rRNA
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| rRNA is isolated, sequenced, and analyzed from _____ _____ | show 🗑
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| show | FISH
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| ______ Involves in vitro testing of serum | show 🗑
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| ______ determines the immunologic status of patients | show 🗑
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| show | specificity and sensitivity
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| show | Specificity
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| show | Sensitivity
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| The basis of immunologic testing is the binding of antibody (Ab) to a specific site or ______ of an antigen (Ag) | show 🗑
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| show | Serological
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| Smaller Ab-Ag interactions can be observed using _____ or _____ reagents. | show 🗑
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| show | aggregates
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| antigens that are whole cells or organisms such as red blood cells, bacteria, or viruses | show 🗑
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| show | Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
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| show | soluble
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| Used to diagnose autoimmune disorders and determine past exposure to certain diseases | show 🗑
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| show | titer
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| Ag-Ab technique for identifying, classifying, and sub-grouping certain bacteria into categories called ______ | show 🗑
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| involves a precipitation reaction against capsular polysaccharide antigens | show 🗑
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| show | Western blot
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| show | Fluorescent antibodies (FAbs)
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| show | direct testing
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| show | indirect
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| show | Immunoassays
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| Antibodies or antigens labeled with a radioactive isotope used to pinpoint minute quantities of a corresponding antigen or antibody | show 🗑
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| show | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
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| Relies on a solid support such as a microtiter plate that can adsorb the reactions | show 🗑
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| show | indirect ELISA
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| show | direct ELISA
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| Used to detect antigens to hantavirus, rubella virus, and Toxoplasma. | show 🗑
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| show | Lysin
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| antibodies that interact with complement system components on red blood cells, causing cells to hemolyze | show 🗑
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| show | In vivo
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| show | Tuberculin test
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| Culturing takes ____ hours or more. | show 🗑
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| Many infections are ______ | show 🗑
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| bloodstream infection | show 🗑
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| show | 18 – 24
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| Contain gene sequences from potentially thousands of different possible infectious agents | show 🗑
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| The development of high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing has revolutionized the analysis of the human _____ | show 🗑
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| The cost of whole-genome sequencing, in terms of time and money, is becoming so _____ that this technique may become commonplace in clinical and epidemiological laboratories around the world | show 🗑
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| Used to determine the structure and composition of various chemical compounds and biological molecules. | show 🗑
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| show | Mass Spectrometry
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| show | MRI, CT scans, and PET
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| show | tuberculosis.
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