Chapter 9
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms (including viruses) | Sterilization
🗑
|
||||
| Physical process or a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores Removes harmful products of microorganisms (toxins) from material | Disinfection
🗑
|
||||
| Common uses of ______ include surgical instruments, syringes, commercially packaged food | Sterilization
🗑
|
||||
| Which concepts of antimicrobial control are normally restricted to inanimate objects? | Sterilization and disinfection
🗑
|
||||
| Common uses of ______ include boiling food utensils, applying 5% bleach solution to an examining table, immersing thermometers in an iodine solution between uses | Disinfection
🗑
|
||||
| Cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels | Decontamination/Sanitization
🗑
|
||||
| Which concept of antimicrobial control is Important to restaurants, dairies, breweries, and other commercial entities that handle large numbers of soiled utensils/containers | Decontamination/Sanitization
🗑
|
||||
| Common uses of _____ include Cooking utensils, dishes, bottles, and cans for reuse. | Decontamination/Sanitization
🗑
|
||||
| Reduces the number of microbes on the human skin A form of decontamination but on living tissues | Antisepsis/degermation
🗑
|
||||
| Involves scrubbing the skin (mechanical friction) or immersing it in chemicals (or both) | Antisepsis/degermation
🗑
|
||||
| Heat (autoclave) Sterilants (chemical agents capable of destroying endospores) are examples of agents for ___________ | Sterilization
🗑
|
||||
| Bleach Iodine Heat (boiling) are examples of agents for ____________ | Disinfection
🗑
|
||||
| Soaps Detergents Commercial dishwashers are examples of agents for ___________ | Decontamination/sanitization
🗑
|
||||
| Alcohol Surgical hand scrubs are examples of agents for _________ | Antisepsis/degermation
🗑
|
||||
| The destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used only on inanimate objects. | Disinfection
🗑
|
||||
| The complete removal of destructions of all viable microorganisms. Used on inanimate objects. | Sterilization
🗑
|
||||
| Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens. | Antisepsis/degermation
🗑
|
||||
| The mechanical removal of most microbes. | Decontamination/sanitization
🗑
|
||||
| _______ are extraordinarily resistant to heat and chemicals. | Prions
🗑
|
||||
| If objects become contaminated with _____, they must either be discarded as biohazards or, if this is not possible, a combination of chemicals and heat must be applied in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. | Prions
🗑
|
||||
| _______ _______ of microbial control are microorganisms capable of causing infection or spoilage in the environment or on the human body. | Primary targets
🗑
|
||||
| The targeted population of contains mixtures of microbes with extreme differences in _______ and _________ | resistance and harmfulness
🗑
|
||||
| _______ _________ have traditionally been considered the most resistant microbial entities. | Bacterial endospores
🗑
|
||||
| The goal of any sterilization process is the destruction of ______ _________ | Bacterial endospores
🗑
|
||||
| Any process that kills ________ will invariably kill all less resistant microbial forms. | endospores
🗑
|
||||
| The root -_______, meaning “having the capacity to kill,” can be combined with other terms to define an antimicrobial agent aimed at destroying a certain group of microorganisms. | -cide
🗑
|
||||
| a _________ is a chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage. It may or may not be effective on other microbial groups. | bactericide
🗑
|
||||
| A ___________ is a chemical that can kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts. | fungicide
🗑
|
||||
| A ________ is any chemical known to inactivate viruses, especially on living tissue. | varucide
🗑
|
||||
| A ___________ is an agent capable of destroying bacterial endospores. | sporicide
🗑
|
||||
| A _________ agent can also be a sterilant because it can destroy the most resistant of all microbes. | sporicidal
🗑
|
||||
| ________ is defined as the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues. | Sepsis
🗑
|
||||
| The term _________ refers to any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection. | Asepsis
🗑
|
||||
| __________ are applied directly to exposed body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens. | Antiseptics
🗑
|
||||
| Examples of ___________ include preparing the skin before surgical incisions with iodine compounds, swabbing an open root canal with hydrogen peroxide, and ordinary hand washing with a germicidal soap. | Antisepsis
🗑
|
||||
| The Greek words stasis and static mean | To stand still
🗑
|
||||
| __________ can be used in combination with various prefixes to denote a condition in which microbes are temporarily prevented from multiplying but are not killed outright. | stasis and static
🗑
|
||||
| __________ agents prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment | Bacteriostatic
🗑
|
||||
| ___________ chemicals inhibit fungal growth. | fungistatic
🗑
|
||||
| Materials used to control microorganisms in the body (antiseptics and drugs) often have ___________ effects because many microbicidal compounds can be highly toxic to human cells. | microbiostatic
🗑
|
||||
| A -cidal agent doesn't necessarily result in ___________, depending on how it is used. | sterilization
🗑
|
||||
| _________ medical devices are those that are expected to come into contact with sterile tissues, a syringe needle or an artificial hip. | Critical
🗑
|
||||
| _____________ devices are those that come into contact with mucosal membranes, such as an endoscopy tube. | Semicritical
🗑
|
||||
| Noncritical items are those that do not touch the patient or are only expected to touch intact skin, such as blood pressure cuffs or crutches. | Noncritical
🗑
|
||||
| Durable solids to sensitive liquids, situations requiring sterilization confront persons involved in health care are substances that require ___________ | Sterilization
🗑
|
||||
| Cost, effectiveness, and method of disposal are all considerations for _________ | Sterilization
🗑
|
||||
| __________ is permanent termination of an organism's vital processes | Death
🗑
|
||||
| Microbes have no conspicuous vital processes, therefore _______ is difficult to determine. | Death
🗑
|
||||
| Permanent loss of ____________ capability, even under optimum growth conditions has become the accepted microbiological definition of death. | reproductive
🗑
|
||||
| ________ of the whole population is not instantaneous | Death
🗑
|
||||
| Death of the whole population begins when a certain threshold of ________ agent is met. | microbicidal
🗑
|
||||
| Death continues in a _________ manner as the time or concentration is increased. | logarithmic
🗑
|
||||
| Active cells tend to die more _______ than less metabolically active cells | quickly
🗑
|
||||
| Eventually, a point is reached at which survival of any cells is highly ________; this point is equivalent to _________ | unlikely, sterilization
🗑
|
||||
| A higher load of contaminants takes ______ to destroy | longer
🗑
|
||||
| ___________ __________ is usually a mixture of bacteria, fungi, spores, and viruses. | Target population
🗑
|
||||
| Temperature and ____ of the environment are factors affecting the death rate. | pH
🗑
|
||||
| UV radiation is most effective at _______ nm | 260
🗑
|
||||
| Most disinfectants are more active at __________ concentrations. | higher
🗑
|
||||
| The mode of _______ of the agent is a factor affecting death. | action
🗑
|
||||
| _________, ________, and ______ can inhibit the action of disinfectants and even the action of heat. | saliva, blood, and feces
🗑
|
||||
| ________ selective agents tend to be effective against the widest range of microbes (heat and radiation). | Least
🗑
|
||||
| __________ agents target only a single cellular component (drugs). | agents
🗑
|
||||
| The cell wall, cell membrane, cellular synthetic processes, and proteins are all considered to be cellular _______ of physical and chemical agents. | targets
🗑
|
||||
| ____________ effects on the cell wall block its synthesis, digest it, break down its surface, and the cell becomes fragile and is lysed easily. | Antimicrobial
🗑
|
||||
| Which microorganisms have a cell membrane? | They all do
🗑
|
||||
| If the cell membrane is disrupted, the cell loses the ability to be ________ ________ | selectively permeable
🗑
|
||||
| __________ disrupt cell membranes | Detergents (surfactants)
🗑
|
||||
| Which level of protein or nucleic acid synthesis can be affected? | Replication, transcription, and/or translation
🗑
|
||||
| Some agents might bind to _________ to stop translation | ribosomes
🗑
|
||||
| Some agents bind irreversibly to _______ preventing transcription and translation | DNA
🗑
|
||||
| Agents that can damage the cell wall include ________, _________, and ______ | chemicals, detergents, and alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Agents that can damage the cytoplasmic membrane include _________ | Detergents
🗑
|
||||
| Agents that can interrupt cellular synthesis include _________, ________, and ________ ________ | Formaldehyde, radiation, and ethylene oxide
🗑
|
||||
| Agents that can denature proteins include __________ __________, ____________, and _________ | Moist heat, alcohol, and phenolics
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical agents can damage the cell wall through which two methods? | blocking its synthesis or digesting the cell wall
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical agents can physically bind to the lipid layer of the _________ ________, opening up the membrane and allowing injurious chemicals to enter the cell and important ions to exit the cell. | cytoplasmic membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical agents can interrupt the ________ of proteins as well as change ________ _________. | synthesis, genetic code
🗑
|
||||
| The use of iodine compounds to prepare the skin for surgery is known as A. disinfection. B. antisepsis. C. sterilization. D. sanitization. E. degermation. | A. disinfection
🗑
|
||||
| Elevated temperatures are __________ | microbicidal
🗑
|
||||
| Lower temperatures are __________ | microbistatic
🗑
|
||||
| ________ heat is hot water, boiling water, or steam between 60°C and135°C | moist
🗑
|
||||
| ________ heat is hot air or an open flame, which ranges from 160°C to thousands of degrees Celsius | dry
🗑
|
||||
| Heat is a method of physical _________ | control
🗑
|
||||
| ________ heat operates at lower temperatures and shorter exposure times to achieve the same effectiveness as dry heat | Moist
🗑
|
||||
| Moist heat's microbicidal effect is the ___________ and _________ of proteins | coagulation and denaturation
🗑
|
||||
| ________ heat dehydrates the cell, removing water necessary for metabolic reactions | dry
🗑
|
||||
| Bacterial ________ exhibit great, varying, resistance and destruction usually requires temperatures above boiling. | Endospores
🗑
|
||||
| _______ cells vary in their sensitivity to heat and death times vary from 50°C for 3 minutes to 60°C for 60 minutes | Vegetative
🗑
|
||||
| Fungi, protozoa, and ________ are similar in their sensitivity to heat. | worms
🗑
|
||||
| _______ have a heat tolerance that extends from 55°C for 2 – 5 minutes to 60°C for 600 minutes. | viruses
🗑
|
||||
| _______ ________ _________ is the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature | Thermal death time (TDT)
🗑
|
||||
| _______ ___________ _________ is the the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes | Thermal death point
🗑
|
||||
| _______ ______ disinfection is useful in the home for disinfection of water, materials for babies, food and utensils, bedding, and clothing from the sickroom | boiling water
🗑
|
||||
| ___________ is a technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage, while at the same time retaining the liquid’s flavor and food value. | Pasteurization
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
bethany.metzger