A review of concepts, equations, and skills for Semester 1 of Chemistry.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| 6.02 × 10²³ of something. It could be this many atoms, ions, or molecules. | a mole
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| A measure of how strongly an atom holds onto its own electrons. Also how strongly it will try to take electrons from other atoms. | electronegativity
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| A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. | proton
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| A particle in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge. | neutron
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| A negatively charged particle that moves very quickly around the nucleus of an atom in clouds or orbitals. | electron
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| The units that we usually use in measuring the mass of a substance in a Chemistry class – using a balance or scale. | grams, g
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| The units that we usually use in measuring the volume of a substance in a Chemistry class – using a graduated cylinder. | milliliters, mL
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| A horizontal row on the periodic table. The elements in it have increasing atomic numbers. | period
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| A vertical column on the periodic table. The elements in it have usually have similar electron configurations and chemical properties. | group
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| The number of protons that an element has. This is usually found at the top of an element's box on the periodic table. | atomic number
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| The weighted average of the number of protons and neutrons of an element. This is usually found at the bottom of an element's box on the periodic table. | average atomic mass
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| The outer electrons of an atom. Usually the number next to the A on top of the group. | valence electrons
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| An atom that has lost or gained valence electrons giving it a net positive or negative electric charge. | ion
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| An atom with the usual number of protons in their nucleus, but different numbers of neutrons. | isotope
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| An atom that gained a positive electric charge by losing valence electrons. Usually formed from metal atoms. | cation
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| An atom that gained a negative electric charge by gaining valence electrons. Usually formed from nonmetal atoms. | anion
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| A compound formed from two different types of metal elements. | metallic compound
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| A compound usually formed from a metal and a nonmetal element. They reach a more stable electron configuration by exchanging electrons. | ionic compound
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| A compound usually formed from two different nonmetal elements. They reach a more stable electron configuration by sharing electrons. | covalent compound
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| The elements in group 1A. These are highly reactive in their elemental state because they are located next to the noble gases. These include lithium, sodium, and potassium. | alkali metals
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| The elements in group 7A. These are highly reactive in their elemental state because they are located next to the noble gases. These include fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. | halogens
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| The elements in group 8A. These are stable and mostly unreactive because of their complete electron configurations. These include helium, neon, and argon. | noble gases
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| Most of the elements that lie on the periodic table's stair step. These have properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are used as semiconductors. These include silicon and arsenic. | semi-metals (or metalloids)
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| The elements in group 2A. These are somewhat reactive in their elemental state because they are located near the noble gases. These include beryllium, magnesium, and calcium. | alkaline earth metals
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| The elements that are found at the bottom of the periodic table but really fit in between the transition metals. These include the lanthanide series and the actinide series. | rare earth metals
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| The elements that are found between the alkaline earth metals and the post-transition metals on the periodic table. They often have multiple possible ionic charges. These include iron, copper, and tungsten. | transition metals
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| The elements that are found between the transition metals and the metalloids on the periodic table. These include aluminum and tin. | post-transition metals
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| A group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds. | molecule
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| A molecule made up of atoms that share the electrons in a covalent bond unequally due to differences in electronegativity. This results in slightly negative and positive charges being located at different parts of the molecule. | polar molecule
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| A group of covalently bonded atoms that share a net electric charge. | polyatomic ion
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| A material that you can write a specific chemical formula for. It can be either an element (ex. O₂) or a compound (ex. H₂O). | pure substance
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| A material that has a variable (or changeable) ratio to it. | mixture
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| A material that is made of only on type of atom (ex. O₂). | element
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| A material that is made of 2 or more types of atoms chemically bonded together (ex. H₂O). | compound
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| An evenly distributed mixture with small particles (mixed at the molecular level). | homogeneous mixture
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| An unevenly distributed mixture with large, clumpy particles. | heterogeneous mixture
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| A process that involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. It often also includes the release or absorption of energy. (ex. burning, rusting) | chemical change
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| A process that may involve a substance changing shape, changing state of matter, or going into or out from a mixture (ex. chopping wood, freezing water, or dissolving salt in water). | physical change
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| The volume of 1 mole of gas at STP (0°C, 1 atmosphere). | 22.4 L
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| The fact that most atoms (but not hydrogen) rearrange their valence electrons so they have EIGHT, whether by sharing or exchanging. | octet rule
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| The mass in grams per mole (g/mol) of a substance. It is calculated by using the average atomic masses from the periodic table. | molar mass
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| The part of an atom that occupies very little space but contains almost all of an atom's mass. | nucleus
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| The part of an atom that has very little mass but takes up most of the space in an atom. | electron cloud
(or electron orbitals)
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| How the number of moles of one reactant or product from a balanced chemical equation compare to the moles of a different reactant or product. | mole ratio
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| The substances that we start with in a chemical reaction (aka the ingredients). | reactants
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| The substances that are produced by a chemical reaction. | products
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| The reactant that is used up first and determines how much of the products can be made. | limiting reactant
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| The reactant that is not used up completely in a chemical reaction. There are left overs of this reactant. | excess reactant
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Created by:
john.boren
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