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Chem. Sem. 1 - Boren
A review of concepts, equations, and skills for Semester 1 of Chemistry.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6.02 × 10²³ of something. It could be this many atoms, ions, or molecules. | a mole |
| A measure of how strongly an atom holds onto its own electrons. Also how strongly it will try to take electrons from other atoms. | electronegativity |
| A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. | proton |
| A particle in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge. | neutron |
| A negatively charged particle that moves very quickly around the nucleus of an atom in clouds or orbitals. | electron |
| The units that we usually use in measuring the mass of a substance in a Chemistry class – using a balance or scale. | grams, g |
| The units that we usually use in measuring the volume of a substance in a Chemistry class – using a graduated cylinder. | milliliters, mL |
| A horizontal row on the periodic table. The elements in it have increasing atomic numbers. | period |
| A vertical column on the periodic table. The elements in it have usually have similar electron configurations and chemical properties. | group |
| The number of protons that an element has. This is usually found at the top of an element's box on the periodic table. | atomic number |
| The weighted average of the number of protons and neutrons of an element. This is usually found at the bottom of an element's box on the periodic table. | average atomic mass |
| The outer electrons of an atom. Usually the number next to the A on top of the group. | valence electrons |
| An atom that has lost or gained valence electrons giving it a net positive or negative electric charge. | ion |
| An atom with the usual number of protons in their nucleus, but different numbers of neutrons. | isotope |
| An atom that gained a positive electric charge by losing valence electrons. Usually formed from metal atoms. | cation |
| An atom that gained a negative electric charge by gaining valence electrons. Usually formed from nonmetal atoms. | anion |
| A compound formed from two different types of metal elements. | metallic compound |
| A compound usually formed from a metal and a nonmetal element. They reach a more stable electron configuration by exchanging electrons. | ionic compound |
| A compound usually formed from two different nonmetal elements. They reach a more stable electron configuration by sharing electrons. | covalent compound |
| The elements in group 1A. These are highly reactive in their elemental state because they are located next to the noble gases. These include lithium, sodium, and potassium. | alkali metals |
| The elements in group 7A. These are highly reactive in their elemental state because they are located next to the noble gases. These include fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. | halogens |
| The elements in group 8A. These are stable and mostly unreactive because of their complete electron configurations. These include helium, neon, and argon. | noble gases |
| Most of the elements that lie on the periodic table's stair step. These have properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are used as semiconductors. These include silicon and arsenic. | semi-metals (or metalloids) |
| The elements in group 2A. These are somewhat reactive in their elemental state because they are located near the noble gases. These include beryllium, magnesium, and calcium. | alkaline earth metals |
| The elements that are found at the bottom of the periodic table but really fit in between the transition metals. These include the lanthanide series and the actinide series. | rare earth metals |
| The elements that are found between the alkaline earth metals and the post-transition metals on the periodic table. They often have multiple possible ionic charges. These include iron, copper, and tungsten. | transition metals |
| The elements that are found between the transition metals and the metalloids on the periodic table. These include aluminum and tin. | post-transition metals |
| A group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds. | molecule |
| A molecule made up of atoms that share the electrons in a covalent bond unequally due to differences in electronegativity. This results in slightly negative and positive charges being located at different parts of the molecule. | polar molecule |
| A group of covalently bonded atoms that share a net electric charge. | polyatomic ion |
| A material that you can write a specific chemical formula for. It can be either an element (ex. O₂) or a compound (ex. H₂O). | pure substance |
| A material that has a variable (or changeable) ratio to it. | mixture |
| A material that is made of only on type of atom (ex. O₂). | element |
| A material that is made of 2 or more types of atoms chemically bonded together (ex. H₂O). | compound |
| An evenly distributed mixture with small particles (mixed at the molecular level). | homogeneous mixture |
| An unevenly distributed mixture with large, clumpy particles. | heterogeneous mixture |
| A process that involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. It often also includes the release or absorption of energy. (ex. burning, rusting) | chemical change |
| A process that may involve a substance changing shape, changing state of matter, or going into or out from a mixture (ex. chopping wood, freezing water, or dissolving salt in water). | physical change |
| The volume of 1 mole of gas at STP (0°C, 1 atmosphere). | 22.4 L |
| The fact that most atoms (but not hydrogen) rearrange their valence electrons so they have EIGHT, whether by sharing or exchanging. | octet rule |
| The mass in grams per mole (g/mol) of a substance. It is calculated by using the average atomic masses from the periodic table. | molar mass |
| The part of an atom that occupies very little space but contains almost all of an atom's mass. | nucleus |
| The part of an atom that has very little mass but takes up most of the space in an atom. | electron cloud (or electron orbitals) |
| How the number of moles of one reactant or product from a balanced chemical equation compare to the moles of a different reactant or product. | mole ratio |
| The substances that we start with in a chemical reaction (aka the ingredients). | reactants |
| The substances that are produced by a chemical reaction. | products |
| The reactant that is used up first and determines how much of the products can be made. | limiting reactant |
| The reactant that is not used up completely in a chemical reaction. There are left overs of this reactant. | excess reactant |
Created by:
john.boren
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