Ch. 14 - Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves
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| Spinal cord extends from ____ to _____ | From foramen magnum, through vertebral canal, to L1
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| Conus medullaris | Tapering inferior end of spinal cord at L1
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| Which 2 areas of the spinal cord are wider? | Cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement. Larger because they contain more neurons
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| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs
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| Cauda equina | Spinal nerves inferior to conus medullaris (L2-L5, S1-S5, Co1)
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| Filum terminale | Thin strand of pia mater (CT) attaching conus medullaris to coccyx
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| 5 layers of spinal cord meninges (from innermost to outermost) | Pia mater - adheres to spinal cord. Arachnoid mater - weblike layer. Subarachnoid space - CSF flows through. Subdural space - between dura and arachnoid. Epidural space - between dura and vertebra, contains adipose & areolar CT, & blood vessels
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| 4 sections of central gray matter in spinal cord | Anterior horns, lateral horns (both house motor nuclei), posterior horns (house sensory nuclei), gray commissure (surrounds central canal)
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| 3 regions of white matter in spinal cord | Posterior funiculus (sensory tracts), lateral funiculus (sensory & motor tracts), anterior funiculus (sensory & motor tracts)
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| Sensory tracts are ______, whereas motor tracts are _______ | Sensory tracts - ascending (toward brain). Motor tracts - descending (toward effectors)
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| Location of axons vs. location of cell bodies in spinal cord conduction pathways | Axons - located in spinal cord tracts. Cell bodies - located in ganglia, gray horns, & brain gray matter
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| Spinal nerves are formed by 2 roots: | Anterior root - axons of motor neurons whose somas are in anterior/lateral horns. Posterior root - axons of sensory neurons whose somas are in posterior root ganglion
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| Posterior ramus | Innervates muscles & skin of back
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| Anterior ramus | Splits into more branches; innervates anterior/lateral trunk, upper & lower limbs
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| Rami communicantes | Extend between spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk ganglion
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| Dermatome | Specific segment of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
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| Intercostal nerves | Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves; located between ribs
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| Cervical plexus | Anterior rami of C1-C4. Innervates head, neck, shoulders
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| Phrenic nerve is created by | Anterior rami of C3-C5
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| Brachial plexus | Anterior rami of C5-T1. Anterior and posterior divisions combine to form cords (lateral, medial, and posterior cords)
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| Terminal branches | 5 major branches are formed by the 3 brachial plexus cords: axillary, median, musculocutaneous, radial, & ulnar nerves
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| Lumbar plexus | Anterior rami of L1-L4. Divided into anterior and posterior divisions
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| The femoral nerve is the main nerve of the | Posterior division of lumbar plexus
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| The obturator nerve in the main nerve of the | Anterior division of lumbar plexus
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| Sacral plexus | Anterior rami of L4-S4. Has anterior and posterior divisions
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| What is the largest & longest nerve in the body? | Sciatic nerve
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| The tibial nerve is formed from the | Anterior sciatic nerve
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| The common fibular nerve is formed from the | Posterior sciatic nerve
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| Stretch reflex | Muscle reflexively contracting in response to stretching of a muscle
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| Golgi tendon reflex | Polysynaptic reflex that results in muscle lengthening & relaxation in response to increased tension at Golgi tendon organ
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| Withdrawal reflex | Muscles contract to withdraw a body part away from a painful stimulus
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| Cross-extensor reflex | Occurs in conjunction with withdrawal reflex
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| Fasciculi (aka tract) | Structural unit of a funiculus; composed of axon arrangements
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