Chem Test Chapter 11
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| electromagnetic radiation | radiant energy exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light
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| wave model | light consists of electromagnetic radiation traveling through space
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| wavelength | the distance between two consecutive wave peaks/crests or troughs in a wave
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| λ | wavelength
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| frequency | the number of waves (cycles) per second that pass given point in space
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| v | frequency
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| speed | how fast a given peak travels
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| amplitude | the displacement of a wave from zero; the height of a peak or the depth of a trough
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| wave-particle nature of light | light consists of both waves and particles of energy
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| photon | particle of electromagnetic radiation, packet of energy
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| excited state | a higher energy state of an atom due to excess energy
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| ground state | the lowest possible energy state of an atom
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| emission spectra | bright line spectra produced when electrons drop to lower energy levels
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| absorption spectra | dark lines on a rainbow background, electrons in cooler outer laters go up to higher energy levels and absorb proper frequencies
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| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | it is impossible to know simultaneously both the exact momentum of an electron and its exact position in space
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| atomic orbital | the three dimensional region in which there is a high probability of finding as electron in an atom
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| principal energy level/principal quantum number | number denoted by n and which indirectly describes the size of the electron orbital
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| sublevels | types of orbitals
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| Aufbau Principle | electrons occupy atomic orbitals starting with the lowest energy orbital first
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| Paul Exclusion Principle | an atomic orbitals can hold a maximum of two electrons and those two electrons must have opposite spins
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| electron configuration | the arrangement of electrons in an atom
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| orbital diagram | orbitals are subdivided into boxes or lines with arrows representing electrons
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| Hund's Rule | when electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, each is singly occupied before doubly occupied and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same (parallel) spin
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| valence electrons | the electrons in the outermost (highest) principal energy level of an atom; the electrons involved in bonding
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| core electrons | inner electrons; the electrons that are not involved in binding atoms together
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| atomic radius | measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons
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| ionization energy | the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an element
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| n | number of sub levels
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| letter | type/shape of orbital
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| s | 1
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| p | 3
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| d | 5
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| f | 7
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| Layman | UV
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| Balmer | visible
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| Pashcen | IR
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| increasing wavelength | as you go right
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| increasing frequency | as you go left
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| Rutherford | discovered nuclear atom and electrons; thought electrons revolved around around the nucleus like planets around the sun; not right cause electrons would collapse
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| Bohr | still thought electrons revolved like planets (in orbits); the theorized that electrons could move up in discrete amounts of energy to larger orbits; problem - not specific orbits
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| Schrodinger and de Broglie | developed wave-mechanical model; theorizes electrons have wave and particle properties; electrons move to different orbitals (not orbits) when energy is added; current model
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| metals | lustrous appearance, malleable and ductile, excellent conductors of heat and electricity; tend to lose electrons to form positive ions
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| nonmetals | lack properties of metals, some exceptions; tend to gain electrons to form negative ions
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| metalloids | have properties of metals and nonmetals; along stair step
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| reactivity (metals) | increases down a group, most likely to lose an electron; most reactive is francium
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| reactivity (nonmetals) | decreases down group; doesn't desire another energy level filled as much as previous levels; most reactive is fluorine
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