Biochem final
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| Tangles which can accumulate and eventually cause the cell to burst and die (alzheimer's related) is caused by what? | Phosphorylated tau proteins
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| What is a marker for acute inflammation? | C-Reactive proteins
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| Normal blood glucose range? | 70-99 mg per dL
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| Weakness, rapid heartbeat, sweating, hunger, trembling, headache, mental dullness and seizure are symptoms of what? | Hypoglycemia
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| Causes of hypoglycemia | 1. Too much insulin 2. Stenous activity 3. Poor diet 4. Pancreatic tumor
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| ''must have'' three symptoms for hypoglycemia? | 1. Less that 70 mg per dL of glucose 2. Have previous mentioned symptoms 3. Symptoms releived upon ingesting carbs
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| Hypoglycemia treatment: replace simple sugars with what? Eat what type of meals? | 1. Fiber rich carbs (fruit) 2. Smaller, more frequent meals
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| Frequent urination, dehydration and thirst are symptoms of what? | Hyperglycemia
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| Hyperglycemia or diabetes is classified at what blood glucose level? | Over 126 mg per dL
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| Which type of diabetes is insulin dependant, age of onset is before 30, classified as autoimune (beta cells do not produce insulin) | Type 1
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| What type of diabetes is classified as insuline resistant, 90-95 percent of diabetes, obesity, age of onset is over 45 and is called the disease of overeating | Type 2
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| Main diffrence between type 1 and type 2 diabetes | Type 1 there is problem with making the insuline while type 2 there is insensitivity to the insuline receptors (there is too much insuline floating around)
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| Because the body becomes insensitive to insuline in type 2 diabetes, what transport in hindered? | GLUT 4
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| What compounds made form glucose fragments are toxic in diabetes? | AGEs (... HBA1C)
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| Marcrovascular complications in diabetes (3) | 1. AGEs accelerate heart disease 2. CVD 3. Foot ulcers
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| Microvascular complications of diabetes (2) | 1. AGEs damage blood vessels in eyes --- blindness 2. Neuropathy --- kidney failure
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| People with dibaetes eventually die from what? | CVD
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| High GI in foods = ? Low GI in food = ? | 1. 70 2. 55
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| High GI foods will spike ___ which will spike ___ which will dive blood glucose ____. | 1. Blood glucose 2. Insuline 3. Down
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| What kind of fiber can reduce the GI of food? | Soluble fiber
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| If muscle doesn't need glucose, where does it go? | To the liver to get turned into fat
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| Any protein digestion in the mouth? | No|
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| In the stomach, HCL is released from parietal cells in respoinse to what 3 compounds? | 1. Gastrin 2. ACh 3. Histamine
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| HCL does what 2 things in the stomach? | 1. Denatures proteins 2. Turns pepsinogen into pepsin
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| Endopeptidases attack peptides where? Results in what? | 1. In the middle of the chain 2. Large polypeptides, oligopeptides and free AA
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| In the small intestinge, secretin and CCK stimulate the release of what? What does this do? | 1. Bicarbonates, H20, electrolytes and zymogens 2. Neutralizes stomac acids so amino acids can get in
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| Bicarbonate and zymogens are released from the ___ to the ___ in the response to ____. | 1. Pancrease 2. SI 3. CCK and secretin
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| Many zymogens are realsed by the pancreas: trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen, procarboxy peptidase. Many of these use what to tunr into their active form? | Trypsin
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| List all the endopeptidases | 1. Trypsin 2. Chymotripsin 3. Pepsin
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| List all the exopeptidases | Carboxypeptidase, amino peptidase
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| List 5 pancreatic proteases in the SI | 1. Trypsin 2. Chymotrypsin 3. Carboxypeptidase 4. Elastase 5. Collagenase
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| Trypsin and chymotrypsin digests what into what? | Polypeptides into AAs, Dipeptides and Tripeptides
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| Carboypeptidase is dependent on what mineral? It digests what into what? | 1. Zinc 2. Carboxyl groups into free AA
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| Elastase digest what into what? | Fibrous protein into peptides and AAs
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| Collagenase edigestion collagen into what? | Peptides and AAs
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| List 3 brush border proteases | 1. Enteropeptidase 2. Aminopeptidase 3. Dipeptidase
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| What does enterpeptidases do? | Activates trypsin
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| In the SI, proteins digested into what? | Free AA, Dipeptides and Tripeptides
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| Protein digestion in LI? | Trick question! None!
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| Dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via what? What is the carrier protein? | 1. Active transport 2. PEPT1
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| Peptide absorption for ___ % of proteins absorbed | 60%
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| Which are more easily absorbed: Essential or Non essential AAs? Neutral or charged AAs? Largeer or smaller side chains AAs | 1. Essential AAs 2. Neutral AAs 3. Large side chains
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| AA in the enterocyte are either used for ___ or ___? | 1. Energy 2. Protein synthesis
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| Peptide absorption requires what? (2) | Na+ and-or H+
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| 2 AAs that are only ketogenic | Leucine and Lycine
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| Nine essential AAs | Histadine, tryptophan, valine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenolanine, methionine (His TV TILL PM)
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| Five AAs that are both glucogenic and ketogenic | Isolucine, phenylanine, typtophan, tyrosine, threonine (PITTT)
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| Three branched chain AAs | Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine (LIV)
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| Only AA without a chiral carbon? Found in high concentrations of what? | 1. Glycine 2. Collagen
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| Which amino acid is a precursor to cholesterol? | Leucine
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| Which amino acid is replaced in sickle cell anemia? | Valine
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| AA that is precursor to seratonin and melatonin? | Tryptophan
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| AA that is precursor to dopamine and thyrosin (catacolamines) | Tryrosine
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| Which AA may turn into fat but not cholesterol? | Lysine
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| Three aromatic AAs. | Phenylanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine (PTT)
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| A polar AA that is inmportant in active sites of enzymes? | Serine
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| A basic AA also found in active sites of enzymes | Lysine
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| Sulfur containing amnio acid | Cysteine
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| Polar AA that is the principal nitrogen carrier in the body | Glutamine
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| Coenzymes in AA metabolism | Vitamin C, B12 and Follic Acid
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| Cofactor in AA metabolism | Iron, Niacin
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| Nine non polar AAs | Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline, Phenylanine, Tryptophan (LIV TAG MPP)
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| 6 polar AAs | Cystein, Tyrosin, Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine (CT STAG)
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| 2 acid amino acids | Aspartic acid, glutamic acid
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| 3 basic AAs | Histadine, Arginine, Lysine (HAL)
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| Foods that contain all essential AAs are called what? | Complete proteins
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| List of complete proteins | 1. Animal products 2. Soy 3. Amaranth 4. Quinoa
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| Corn is deficient in what 2 amina acids? | Lysine and Tryptophan
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| Legumes are deficient in what? | Methionine
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| Rice and wheat are deficient in what AA? | Lysine
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| We need all 20 AAs in order to make protein in the body. Do we need to get all AAs in every mean? | No, but at least every 24 hours
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| Any given time, how many grams of AA in the body (free pool)? Dietary proteins? Endogenous proteins? Cell recycling? | 1. 150g 2. 100g 3. 70g 4. 230g
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| Cell is recycled by lysosome if what? | 1. Damaged by free radicals 2. Oxidized 3. Misfolded 4. No longer needed
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| In order for an amino acid to be protonated , pH __ PKA | ph has to be SMALLER than PKA
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| PK1 = ? PK2 = ? | 1. Carboxyl group 2. Amino group
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| If you have a PKR, then PL = ? | Average of PKR and next closest PK
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| What kind of hormone is glucagon? | Peptide hormone
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| What is the smallest peptide? | Glutathione (3 AAs long)
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| Alpha-helixes and Beta-Pleated sheets are in what structure of protein? | 2 degree
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| Structure of protein that are a chain of AAs bound by covalent bonding | 1 degree
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| Why are globular proteins more soluble in water than smaller chains? | Because a hydrophilic shell folds around a hydrophobic core allowing it to move through H2O easier
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| Are fibrous proteins soluble in H2O? Why? | No, fibrous proteins are long strans without hydrophilic shell
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| Which molecule is triple helical in shape that is virtually insoluble in H2O? Elastin, Collagen, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin? | Collagen
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| What structures of proteins are affected by denaturing? Which are not? | 1. 2, 3, 4 degree 2. 1 degree
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| What effects does protein unfolding have? | 1. Decreases solubility 2. Loss of activity 2. Increased digestion 4. Increases viscosity
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| If you weigh 100 lbs, how much protein do you need? | 36g
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| Precursor to seratonin and melatonin? | Trytophan
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| Precursor to thyroid hormones | Thyrosine
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| Precursor to histamine | Histidine
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| Precursor to catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine | Tyrosine
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| What will an allosteric regulator do to an enzyme? | Reduces the eficiency of it
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| Prealbumin is a biomarker for what? | Kwashiorkor
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| What is kwashiorkor? | Protein malnutrition
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| Which one of the following AA is found in the interior of globular proteins? 1. Glutamine2. Serine3. Valine4, TyrosineWhy? | Valine because it is non polar! All nonpolar AA do not like H20
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| Legumes are incomplete because they lack what essential AA? | Methionine
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| Only three aromatic AAs | Phenalynine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine
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| IL-1 is an ___ that is produced by active foam cells that does what? | 1. Inflammatory cytokine 2. Inhibits collagen synthesis
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| Three inflammatory cytokines | 1. IL-1 2. IL-6 3. TNF-alpha
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| What do MMPs do? What does this enzyme need to function? | 1. Digests collagen which thins the fibrous cap 2. Zinc and calcium
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| Frying or grilling meat at high temperatures produce what that may be cancerous? | Heterocyclic amines
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| Does a high protein diet cause kidney disease? | Hell no! But it will make the kidneys work a little harder
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| T or F: Someone with kidney disease should eat a diet high in protein? | False
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| Phosphorylated tau proteins cause what realted to alzheimers? | Tangles
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| What do beat-amyloid plaques do? | Creates more ACh esterase which reduce the amount of ACh
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| Beta-amyloid palque does not produce extra what? | Choline
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| C-reactive proteins is a marker for what? | Accute inflammation
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| Higher levels of C-Reactive proteins means higher levels of what? | Inflammation
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| What can reduce C-Reactive proteins and IL-6 by 30%? | Exercise and weight loss
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| IL-6 and C-reactive proteins are highly concentrated in what? | Atrial plaque
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| What can increase levels of CRP and IL-6 | Diet high in protein
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| RDA says ___ g of protein per kg of body weight. Athletes should get ___ g of proteins. | 1. 0.8 g 2. 1.2 to 1.6g
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