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Biochem 4 - PCC
Biochem final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tangles which can accumulate and eventually cause the cell to burst and die (alzheimer's related) is caused by what? | Phosphorylated tau proteins |
| What is a marker for acute inflammation? | C-Reactive proteins |
| Normal blood glucose range? | 70-99 mg per dL |
| Weakness, rapid heartbeat, sweating, hunger, trembling, headache, mental dullness and seizure are symptoms of what? | Hypoglycemia |
| Causes of hypoglycemia | 1. Too much insulin 2. Stenous activity 3. Poor diet 4. Pancreatic tumor |
| ''must have'' three symptoms for hypoglycemia? | 1. Less that 70 mg per dL of glucose 2. Have previous mentioned symptoms 3. Symptoms releived upon ingesting carbs |
| Hypoglycemia treatment: replace simple sugars with what? Eat what type of meals? | 1. Fiber rich carbs (fruit) 2. Smaller, more frequent meals |
| Frequent urination, dehydration and thirst are symptoms of what? | Hyperglycemia |
| Hyperglycemia or diabetes is classified at what blood glucose level? | Over 126 mg per dL |
| Which type of diabetes is insulin dependant, age of onset is before 30, classified as autoimune (beta cells do not produce insulin) | Type 1 |
| What type of diabetes is classified as insuline resistant, 90-95 percent of diabetes, obesity, age of onset is over 45 and is called the disease of overeating | Type 2 |
| Main diffrence between type 1 and type 2 diabetes | Type 1 there is problem with making the insuline while type 2 there is insensitivity to the insuline receptors (there is too much insuline floating around) |
| Because the body becomes insensitive to insuline in type 2 diabetes, what transport in hindered? | GLUT 4 |
| What compounds made form glucose fragments are toxic in diabetes? | AGEs (... HBA1C) |
| Marcrovascular complications in diabetes (3) | 1. AGEs accelerate heart disease 2. CVD 3. Foot ulcers |
| Microvascular complications of diabetes (2) | 1. AGEs damage blood vessels in eyes --- blindness 2. Neuropathy --- kidney failure |
| People with dibaetes eventually die from what? | CVD |
| High GI in foods = ? Low GI in food = ? | 1. 70 2. 55 |
| High GI foods will spike ___ which will spike ___ which will dive blood glucose ____. | 1. Blood glucose 2. Insuline 3. Down |
| What kind of fiber can reduce the GI of food? | Soluble fiber |
| If muscle doesn't need glucose, where does it go? | To the liver to get turned into fat |
| Any protein digestion in the mouth? | No| |
| In the stomach, HCL is released from parietal cells in respoinse to what 3 compounds? | 1. Gastrin 2. ACh 3. Histamine |
| HCL does what 2 things in the stomach? | 1. Denatures proteins 2. Turns pepsinogen into pepsin |
| Endopeptidases attack peptides where? Results in what? | 1. In the middle of the chain 2. Large polypeptides, oligopeptides and free AA |
| In the small intestinge, secretin and CCK stimulate the release of what? What does this do? | 1. Bicarbonates, H20, electrolytes and zymogens 2. Neutralizes stomac acids so amino acids can get in |
| Bicarbonate and zymogens are released from the ___ to the ___ in the response to ____. | 1. Pancrease 2. SI 3. CCK and secretin |
| Many zymogens are realsed by the pancreas: trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen, procarboxy peptidase. Many of these use what to tunr into their active form? | Trypsin |
| List all the endopeptidases | 1. Trypsin 2. Chymotripsin 3. Pepsin |
| List all the exopeptidases | Carboxypeptidase, amino peptidase |
| List 5 pancreatic proteases in the SI | 1. Trypsin 2. Chymotrypsin 3. Carboxypeptidase 4. Elastase 5. Collagenase |
| Trypsin and chymotrypsin digests what into what? | Polypeptides into AAs, Dipeptides and Tripeptides |
| Carboypeptidase is dependent on what mineral? It digests what into what? | 1. Zinc 2. Carboxyl groups into free AA |
| Elastase digest what into what? | Fibrous protein into peptides and AAs |
| Collagenase edigestion collagen into what? | Peptides and AAs |
| List 3 brush border proteases | 1. Enteropeptidase 2. Aminopeptidase 3. Dipeptidase |
| What does enterpeptidases do? | Activates trypsin |
| In the SI, proteins digested into what? | Free AA, Dipeptides and Tripeptides |
| Protein digestion in LI? | Trick question! None! |
| Dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via what? What is the carrier protein? | 1. Active transport 2. PEPT1 |
| Peptide absorption for ___ % of proteins absorbed | 60% |
| Which are more easily absorbed: Essential or Non essential AAs? Neutral or charged AAs? Largeer or smaller side chains AAs | 1. Essential AAs 2. Neutral AAs 3. Large side chains |
| AA in the enterocyte are either used for ___ or ___? | 1. Energy 2. Protein synthesis |
| Peptide absorption requires what? (2) | Na+ and-or H+ |
| 2 AAs that are only ketogenic | Leucine and Lycine |
| Nine essential AAs | Histadine, tryptophan, valine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenolanine, methionine (His TV TILL PM) |
| Five AAs that are both glucogenic and ketogenic | Isolucine, phenylanine, typtophan, tyrosine, threonine (PITTT) |
| Three branched chain AAs | Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine (LIV) |
| Only AA without a chiral carbon? Found in high concentrations of what? | 1. Glycine 2. Collagen |
| Which amino acid is a precursor to cholesterol? | Leucine |
| Which amino acid is replaced in sickle cell anemia? | Valine |
| AA that is precursor to seratonin and melatonin? | Tryptophan |
| AA that is precursor to dopamine and thyrosin (catacolamines) | Tryrosine |
| Which AA may turn into fat but not cholesterol? | Lysine |
| Three aromatic AAs. | Phenylanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine (PTT) |
| A polar AA that is inmportant in active sites of enzymes? | Serine |
| A basic AA also found in active sites of enzymes | Lysine |
| Sulfur containing amnio acid | Cysteine |
| Polar AA that is the principal nitrogen carrier in the body | Glutamine |
| Coenzymes in AA metabolism | Vitamin C, B12 and Follic Acid |
| Cofactor in AA metabolism | Iron, Niacin |
| Nine non polar AAs | Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline, Phenylanine, Tryptophan (LIV TAG MPP) |
| 6 polar AAs | Cystein, Tyrosin, Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine (CT STAG) |
| 2 acid amino acids | Aspartic acid, glutamic acid |
| 3 basic AAs | Histadine, Arginine, Lysine (HAL) |
| Foods that contain all essential AAs are called what? | Complete proteins |
| List of complete proteins | 1. Animal products 2. Soy 3. Amaranth 4. Quinoa |
| Corn is deficient in what 2 amina acids? | Lysine and Tryptophan |
| Legumes are deficient in what? | Methionine |
| Rice and wheat are deficient in what AA? | Lysine |
| We need all 20 AAs in order to make protein in the body. Do we need to get all AAs in every mean? | No, but at least every 24 hours |
| Any given time, how many grams of AA in the body (free pool)? Dietary proteins? Endogenous proteins? Cell recycling? | 1. 150g 2. 100g 3. 70g 4. 230g |
| Cell is recycled by lysosome if what? | 1. Damaged by free radicals 2. Oxidized 3. Misfolded 4. No longer needed |
| In order for an amino acid to be protonated , pH __ PKA | ph has to be SMALLER than PKA |
| PK1 = ? PK2 = ? | 1. Carboxyl group 2. Amino group |
| If you have a PKR, then PL = ? | Average of PKR and next closest PK |
| What kind of hormone is glucagon? | Peptide hormone |
| What is the smallest peptide? | Glutathione (3 AAs long) |
| Alpha-helixes and Beta-Pleated sheets are in what structure of protein? | 2 degree |
| Structure of protein that are a chain of AAs bound by covalent bonding | 1 degree |
| Why are globular proteins more soluble in water than smaller chains? | Because a hydrophilic shell folds around a hydrophobic core allowing it to move through H2O easier |
| Are fibrous proteins soluble in H2O? Why? | No, fibrous proteins are long strans without hydrophilic shell |
| Which molecule is triple helical in shape that is virtually insoluble in H2O? Elastin, Collagen, Hemoglobin, Myoglobin? | Collagen |
| What structures of proteins are affected by denaturing? Which are not? | 1. 2, 3, 4 degree 2. 1 degree |
| What effects does protein unfolding have? | 1. Decreases solubility 2. Loss of activity 2. Increased digestion 4. Increases viscosity |
| If you weigh 100 lbs, how much protein do you need? | 36g |
| Precursor to seratonin and melatonin? | Trytophan |
| Precursor to thyroid hormones | Thyrosine |
| Precursor to histamine | Histidine |
| Precursor to catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine | Tyrosine |
| What will an allosteric regulator do to an enzyme? | Reduces the eficiency of it |
| Prealbumin is a biomarker for what? | Kwashiorkor |
| What is kwashiorkor? | Protein malnutrition |
| Which one of the following AA is found in the interior of globular proteins? 1. Glutamine2. Serine3. Valine4, TyrosineWhy? | Valine because it is non polar! All nonpolar AA do not like H20 |
| Legumes are incomplete because they lack what essential AA? | Methionine |
| Only three aromatic AAs | Phenalynine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine |
| IL-1 is an ___ that is produced by active foam cells that does what? | 1. Inflammatory cytokine 2. Inhibits collagen synthesis |
| Three inflammatory cytokines | 1. IL-1 2. IL-6 3. TNF-alpha |
| What do MMPs do? What does this enzyme need to function? | 1. Digests collagen which thins the fibrous cap 2. Zinc and calcium |
| Frying or grilling meat at high temperatures produce what that may be cancerous? | Heterocyclic amines |
| Does a high protein diet cause kidney disease? | Hell no! But it will make the kidneys work a little harder |
| T or F: Someone with kidney disease should eat a diet high in protein? | False |
| Phosphorylated tau proteins cause what realted to alzheimers? | Tangles |
| What do beat-amyloid plaques do? | Creates more ACh esterase which reduce the amount of ACh |
| Beta-amyloid palque does not produce extra what? | Choline |
| C-reactive proteins is a marker for what? | Accute inflammation |
| Higher levels of C-Reactive proteins means higher levels of what? | Inflammation |
| What can reduce C-Reactive proteins and IL-6 by 30%? | Exercise and weight loss |
| IL-6 and C-reactive proteins are highly concentrated in what? | Atrial plaque |
| What can increase levels of CRP and IL-6 | Diet high in protein |
| RDA says ___ g of protein per kg of body weight. Athletes should get ___ g of proteins. | 1. 0.8 g 2. 1.2 to 1.6g |
Created by:
LrB
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